282 SHOZIMOV, SULAIMANOV, S.
ABDULLAEV
government had gone too far. The Ministry of Culture’s officer on religious affairs,
Muradullo Davlatov, pinpointed the difference between the reforms of 1991–92
and 2007: the former was religious in nature while the latter was social, aimed at
the modernization of society.
8
The new reform received an ambivalent response from the Tajik part of the
Ferghana Valley. Most residents of the Isfara district
reacted positively to the
simplification of weddings and funerals, arguing that they themselves had long
wanted this. However, many village mullahs opposed the reforms, fearing a loss
of their authority in the community. And indeed, the decree prevented many in-
formal mullahs from leading weddings and funerals: in Khujand alone the number
of mullahs and
biotins fell by half, most of them replaced by mullahs who were
under the government’s control. Older unofficial mullahs became Qur’an readers,
the demand for whom did not fall, while those who had become mullahs only
since independence generally found work elsewhere. Interviews in Sughd province
revealed that many started their own businesses or left to work in Russia.
One cannot help but wonder whether the Rakhmon reforms in Tajikistan will
lead to the same consequences as the late Soviet reforms in Uzbekistan; that is,
the confrontations in Andijan. It is quite possible that the reforms will provoke
a backlash among the Pan-Islamic radicals in the Tajik parts of Ferghana. How-
ever, the inter-Tajik negotiations of 1997–99 left Tajikistan considerable political
capital. The IRPT to some extent constrains radical trends in Tajik religious life,
standing as a champion of national traditions against the Salafis, Wahhabis, and
Hizb ut-Tahrir, who would destroy them in the name of Pan-Islamism. The IRPT
certainly directs serious criticism against some of the ideas of Tajikistan’s religious
traditionalists, but in the end it seeks a balance between them and the country’s
national values. Its aim is to work with the government to modernize both it and
religious community, working both from “below” and “above.” Participating in
presidential and parliamentary elections and with two seats in Majlisi Oli (parlia-
ment),
9
the IRPT is a kind of lightning rod providing stability to both the society
and religious community of Tajikistan. In spite of tensions with the government
over specific issues, the IRPT has found a role testing out various approaches to
issues of the day, improving them in the process. In the Ferghana Valley and else-
where it is important that both the government and IRPT develop proportionally,
with each constraining the other.
The IRPT is gradually strengthening its positions among the middle class in
the Tajik part of the Ferghana Valley. When 2,500 car owners in the Isfara district
sent an open letter to the chairman of the IRPT requesting help in protecting their
rights, it was clear that the Party’s role in the Ferghana Valley extends beyond
religion to economic matters.
10
Indeed, the development of a middle class in Tajik
Ferghana is taking place in connection with religious networks largely outside the
government’s control. Prosperous businessmen donate generously to mosques and
religious enterprises, working closely with the IRPT but also with other religious
entities. No longer is one surprised at the large number of well-off non-traditional
CULTURE IN THE FERGHANA VALLEY 283
religious groups, which are the IRPT’s main rivals in the region. In the Isfara district
of Sughd province and Istaravshan, one sees businessmen meeting after work in
mosques or teahouses to discuss both economic and religious matters. This seems
not to occur on the basis of the ideas of Hizb ut-Tahrir or other radical movements.
Rather, it is a means of using religious capital to support one’s business, that is of
employing local traditions to advance modernization.
Such traditional religious leaders as
saiids, turas, hojas, ishans, and Sufis are
part of this development. Although Soviet rule abolished the privileges and titles
of seventy such persons in Isfara alone,
11
their descendents continue to be highly
regarded by the populace. Among the best-known Isfara figures is Nugmankhan-tura,
who lives in the village of Chorkukh and traces his lineage to Mahdumi A’zam, a
sixteenth-century leader of the Naqshbandi Sufi order who formulated the political
doctrine of that school. Yet despite their religious heritage, these groups are gradu-
ally losing their social status. After the collapse of the USSR, many of them cited
ancient documents to affirm their privileges and saw their status rise. But beginning
in 2000 the government systematically began undermining them by raising the status
of such lower groups as the
fakirs. Isfara residents report that the standing of
fakirs
has risen significantly, thanks to government support. Heretofore taboo marriages
between
fakirs and other groups are now possible. The same trend can be observed in
Tajikistan’s Rasht Valley, which has the most immediate connection with the Ferghana
Valley despite being located in the southern part of Tajikistan.
12
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