252 ZOKIROV, UMAROV
63. “The economic situation in the Economic Commission for Europe region: Europe,
North America and the Commonwealth of Independent States in 2008–2009,” United Nations,
Geneva, July 6–31, 2009 http://www.un.org/regionalcommissions/crisis/ececis.pdf.
64. “OON: rost v Uzbekistane budet ustoichivym,” www.gazeta.uz/2009/06/09/
ecosoc/.
65. Materialy mezhdunarodnoi nauchno-prakticheskoi konferentsii, Tashkent, 2009,
p. 113.
66. Osnovnye pokazateli sotsialno-ekonomicheskogo razvitiia Respubliki Uzbekistan v
2009 godu, www.stat.uz/STAT/index.php?%ru%&article=27.
67.
Krizis, vyzvannyi glubokimi kachestvennymi izmeneniiami v sisteme pri perekhode
ego iz odnogo sostoianiia v drugoe
,
Dushanbe, 2009.
68. Nuriddin Kaiumov, “Pervye uroki globalnogo ekonomicheskogo krizisa,” in
Mirovoi
finansovo-ekonomicheskii krizis
, pp. 143–44.
253
11
Land, Water, and Ecology
Christine Bichsel (Switzerland), with
Kholnazar Mukhabbatov (Tajikistan) and
Lenzi Sherfedinov (Uzbekistan)
As the preceding chapters have shown, the different ecological zones of the Ferghana
Valley have been used for agriculture and animal husbandry over many centuries.
1
The lowlands and plains have been the sites of irrigated agriculture for millennia.
Their arid, continental climate necessitates the supply of additional water, which
always has been drawn from the Syr Darya and its tributaries. Traditionally, the
plains were inhabited by sedentary populations, with the foothills and mountain
zones devoted to pastures and animal husbandry.
Technical innovation and agricultural expansion
during the second half of
the twentieth century brought the foothills into the range of irrigated agriculture.
Customarily, they were the realm of permanent nomads or of peoples who prac-
ticed seasonal migration. However, a long process of converting these peoples to
a sedentary way of life, which the policies of the tsarist Russian Empire and the
Soviet Union intensified, has changed the lifestyle of these populations. As previ-
ous chapters have pointed out, agriculture and animal husbandry never have been
mutually exclusive practices in the Ferghana Valley, but frequently were, and are,
complementary and closely interrelated strategies for earning a livelihood. Hence,
it is useful to focus on the history of irrigated agriculture in the Ferghana Valley,
which is central to the region’s social, economic, and political development,
2
in-
asmuch as the valley currently accounts for 45 percent of the total irrigated area
within the Syr Darya basin.
3
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