ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT SINCE 1991 247
fell from 28.3 to 16, in Kyrgyzstan from 23.8 to 14, and in Tajikistan from 33
to 22.
57
Analysis of population changes from 1989 to 2008 in the seven provinces of
the Ferghana Valley shows that population growth
was strongest in the Uzbek
sector, with Namangan province increasing at 148.9. Despite the high birth rate in
Tajikistan’s Sughd province, population growth there was lower (134.4) than in
other
areas of the valley due,
no doubt, to the impact of civil war.
58
Whatever the differences among the three sectors, population growth in the
Ferghana provinces of all three states far outstripped the rest of their countries. In
Uzbekistan as a whole the increase from 1991 to 2008
was 30.6 percent but for
the Ferghana provinces it was 36.2 percent,
59
with similar differentials occurring
in Kyrgyzstan.
Acknowledging these differences, Ferghana’s overall demographic evolution
parallels the main trends in Central Asia as a whole. Changing definitions of cit-
ies makes it difficult to pinpoint levels of urbanization, but everywhere they have
increased except in Tajikistan’s Ferghana province of Sughd.
60
Birthrates declined
everywhere, but then briefly increased, rising between 2007 and 2008 from 176.7
to 183.1. Since then birthrates have everywhere stabilized at moderate levels.
61
Mortality rates are higher in the Ferghana provinces than in the rest of the three
countries (5.1 vs. 5.3), but with normal differences everywhere between urban and
rural areas (6.3 vs. 4.6). Mortality is higher for males than females (5.1 vs. 4.5) but
this, too, follows national norms.
Similarly, increases in life expectancy (from 71
years in 1990 to 72.6 years in 2006) are typical of the region, as is the welcome
improvement for men, from 67.9 to 70.7.
The valley’s population is very unevenly distributed, with Andijan province in
Uzbekistan claiming 582 persons per square kilometer, 9.5 times more than for
Uzbekistan as a whole and the densest settlement in all Central Asia. By contrast,
the Tajik sector has only 155.9 persons per square kilometer and the Kyrgyz sector
a mere 30.9 persons per square kilometer. With respect to the age of the popula-
tion, intra-Ferghana differences are more significant, with the Kyrgyz population
much younger than Tajiks and Uzbeks. This is reflected in the ethnic composition
of the valley. The proportion of Kyrgyz in Osh province rose from 56.7 percent
in 1989 to 63.8 percent, with the percentage of Uzbeks remaining unchanged and
the Russian population declining from 5.4 percent to 1.3 percent of the total. In
Jalalabad province the percent of Kyrgyz grew from 60.9 percent to 70 percent
during this period.
The most striking anomaly can be found in the Tajik sector of the valley, where
population has declined sharply. Between 1991 and 2006 the population of Khujand
decreased by 6 percent, Tagoshara by 41.3 percent, Kairakkum by 12.5 percent,
and Chkalovsk by 42.8 percent. Only Isfara and Kanibadam experienced growth,
but even there the process of de-urbanization advanced steadily, with the percent-
age of rural residents reaching 35.3 percent in Isfara, 30.1 percent in Kanibadam,
and 33 percent in Sughd province as a whole. After the collapse of the Soviet