Development and Distribution of Industry
Since independence, industry in the three sectors of the Ferghana Valley has be-
come increasingly differentiated. The Uzbek part is focused in automotive firms,
oil refining, light industry, irrigation engineering, food production, chemical and
petrochemical production, and construction. The Kyrgyz sector is dominated by
power generation, mining (mercury, antimony, coal), and a variety of light industries.
Tajikistan’s Sughd province specializes in the production of textiles and sewing
firms, as well as a wide variety of mining enterprises.
The Uzbek part of the Ferghana Valley has 204 large enterprises, which employ
123,900 people.
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Significant increases in output by the giant Asakinsk automotive
factory and the oil refinery in Ferghana, as well as improvements elsewhere, have
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT SINCE 1991 243
boosted the output of the Uzbek provinces in Ferghana from 1.6 to 6.6 times their
counterparts in the other two sectors.
The Kyrgyz provinces meanwhile have experienced a decline in manufactur-
ing, owing mainly to the collapse of Soviet demand for coal from the Sulyukta
Komura, Tegenek, and other mines, mercury from the large Haydarken plant, and
antimony from the Kadamjai mine. Chinese and other Asian investors recently
have turned their attention to these enterprises and may give them new life. If this
happens even at only a few of these giant plants, one can expect sudden increases
in overall industrial production in the Kyrgyz part of Ferghana.
Kyrgyz output of thermal-power electricity also sharply decreased, since the
cost of inputs (oil, coal) soared while the sale price of electricity stagnated. Nearly
all the former Kyrgyz production of electricity had been geared to the Moscow-
funded USSR power grid. The subsequent decline in output especially damaged
the economy of Jalalabad, where the large Kambarata I hydroelectric plant was
dedicated mainly to the export of electricity to Russia. Rebuilding this plant, with
its reservoir of 10 billion cubic meters, makes good sense, even at a price of $2
billion, but the prospect that this might be owned solely by Russians poses dangers
to Uzbek customers, who fear politically motivated power cut-offs. A Kambarata
II generating plant is currently under construction, with the first unit scheduled to
be commissioned in 2010.
After enjoying a period of flowering during Soviet times, industry in Tajikistan’s
sector of the Ferghana today is relatively backward. The manufacturing plants of
Sughd employed 220,000 people in 1990, but only 86,500 today. The share of the
labor force they employed stood at 25.7 percent at the time of independence, but is
now only 5.7 percent.
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These figures reflect the deep crisis into which the economy
of Sughd and the Tajik north were plunged by the Tajik civil war, and from which
they have yet to extricate themselves. By the end of the civil war, industrial output
had decreased to a third of its 1990 level, with the deepest losses in mechanical
engineering and metals, chemicals and petrochemicals, and construction materials.
The traditionally robust light industries suffered, as did food production, shedding
54,000 and 13,200 jobs, respectively.
However, these stringent cutbacks did not attract fresh capital or lead to the re-
placement of obsolete equipment or adoption of more progressive technologies. In
2005 industrial production was only 70.7 percent of 1990 levels. Notwithstanding a
modest rebound after 1998, the number of industrial jobs continued to fall. Even if
the industrial sector were to add 5,500 jobs annually, which was the rate of increase
from 1960 to 1985, Tajikistan still will need more than twenty-five years to reach
1990 levels of industrial employment. Worse yet, most of the 133,900 positions in
industry lost by 2005 formerly had been filled by highly qualified workers.
Out of 90 products made in Tajikistan’s north, the only one that exceeded 1990
levels of production by 2005 was soft drinks, by 46.4 percent. Electricity genera-
tion at 97.1 percent came close to 1990 levels. But some 56 items, or 62 percent of
the total, stood at barely 10 percent of their pre-civil war production.
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Tajik power
244 ZOKIROV, UMAROV
generation today stands at 1985 levels, coal at 1913 levels, oil at 1940 levels, and
gas at 1965 levels.
In 1990 industrial production constituted 94.3 percent of Sughd province’s total
output and 19.0 percent of Tajikistan’s. By 2006 these figures had fallen to 58.4
percent and 11.5 percent, respectively. These data provide stark testimony to the
process of deindustrialization in the Tajik sector of the Ferghana Valley, which is
also accompanied by de-urbanization.
Certain intra-regional shifts in industry can be discerned in the Tajik sector of the
valley. In the beginning of the 1990s, industrial production in the towns of Isfara
and Kairakkum exceeded that of Khujand, the province’s largest city, by 2.8 and
3.5 times, respectively. Today these centers have an extremely low level of capacity
utilization. Meanwhile, Khujand has become the province’s industrial center, with
rapid development in textiles, sewing, and canning, often through joint ventures.
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