LAND, WATER, AND ECOLOGY 259
not increased the efficiency of water use in Central Asia. Water loss from unlined
canals was huge, and inappropriate irrigation practices led to the excessive applica-
tion of water on fields.
20
Moreover, the new Soviet methods of cotton production,
which called for considerable mechanical power and large amounts of chemicals,
required more water than before. So also did the porous soils of the foothills onto
which irrigated agriculture had expanded.
21
These problems culminated in the well-publicized disaster of the Aral Sea. Ow-
ing to the withdrawal of high volumes of water from its tributaries, the Aral Sea
rapidly shrank from the 1960s on. By 1989, it had suffered a 41 percent decrease
in its surface area and a 67 percent decrease in volume, as compared to 1960.
22
Finally, although ample funds had been devoted to the construction of irrigation
infrastructure, almost nothing was spent on maintaining it. It was estimated that
by 1985 irrigation networks on over 90 percent of the sown area in the Uzbek part
of the Ferghana Valley needed repair. As a consequence, by 1990 the total area of
irrigated land had shrunk to levels of the 1970s.
23
Soviet leaders based their approach to the use of land and water on the slogan,
“the great transformation of nature,”
24
refashioning the environment as was deemed
necessary to maximize industrial production and enhance national security. It often
has been pointed out that this effort to maximize output while ignoring long-term
environmental costs had a profoundly negative impact
on the ecology of the
Ferghana Valley and other regions. It would, however, be wrong to assume that
Soviet leaders had no concern for environmental protection or the conservation of
natural resources. But more often than not, responsibility for the conservation of
resources was assigned to the same institutions responsible for their exploitation,
which was the case above all with the monopolistic Minvodkhoz.
25
Moreover, the
Soviet Union’s top-down approach to water management left users with little or
no recourse against errors.
During the Gorbachev era environmentalists pushed for reforms in agriculture.
Members of the Uzbek Writers’ Union, for example, demanded that Soviet lead-
ers reduce the area devoted to the cultivation of cotton, and seek other sources of
water in order to mitigate the shrinking of the Aral Sea.
26
However, the last years
before the disintegration of the Soviet Union were a time of deepening economic
turmoil that excluded the possibility of such action.
27
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