Dr. Carlos F. Márquez Linares Dr. Enrique F. Quero Gervilla Doctoral Programme in Languages, Texts and Contexts Faculty of Translation and Interpreting university of granada

Affilirovannaya kompaniya L.t.: affiliated company Or Direct Equivalent Филиал Filial L.t.: a branch (office)

The DT and Direct Loan method employs transliteration or transcription of the term base and uses descriptive elements. For example, the term affiliate standing for an “organization that is affiliated” (Collins), i.e. is “officially connected with a larger organization or group” (Macmillan) received the following equivalent in Russian: аффилированная компания (affilirovannaja kompaniya, L.t.: affiliated company) (IFC). The term form affiliate was assimilated into Russian and corresponds to an adjective in the target language. The adjective accompanies the term component “компания” (kompanija; company), which has been made explicit.

This concept was borrowed into Russian from foreign law and has been used since the end of the XX century: “the concept of affiliation <…> started to be mentioned since 1992” (Utmagazine). In addition to this, Russian has synonyms which are more familiar to native speakers: филиал или дочерняя компания (filial or dochernja kompanija, L.t.: a branch (an office) or a subsidiary company) (Utmagazine). The latter terms are widespread in Russian, which is shown d by their use in Ruscorpora. The Direct Equivalent филиал (Lingvo Economics) (filial; L.t.: a branch (office)) is found in a total of 8201 documents, which represents a large number of examples. The term дочерняя компания (Ruscorpora) (dochernjaja kompanija; L.t.: a subsidiary company) can be found in as many as 2092 files. In addition to this, the terms which are recommended by different resources as the direct equivalents of the English term successfully function in the field of Corporate Governance: дочернее общество (Ruscorpora) (docherneje obschestvo; L.t.: a subsidiary society); дочернее предприятие (отделение или часть предприятия) (Lingvo Economics) (dochernee predprijatie; L.t.: a subsidiary enterprise (a department or a part of an enterprise)) (see table 13). The term component дочерний (dochernij; L.t.: subsidiary) receives different additional elements, disclosing the meaning of the term and limiting the area of its usage: “компания”, “общество”, “предприятие” (a company, a society, an enterprise). Despite the fact that the terms with these components are actively used (see table 13), they also create discrepancies when regarding their use in the dictionaries, i.e. they should be offered in the dictionaries as the equivalents of the English term for different contexts.

Although the terms employing the term component дочерний (dochernij; L.t.: subsidiary) are widespread, the term аффилированная компания (IFC) (affilirovannaja kompanija, L.t.: affiliated company) can be suggested as the most appropriate translation for the English term. The term is actively used on the Internet (see table 14), and its form corresponds to the innovative nature of LSP. In addition to this, the term аффилированный is used not only to denote firms, but also officials (utmagazine). That is why the term аффилированное лицо (affilirovannoe lico; L.t.: affiliated person) can be recommended as the translation equivalent for the term affiliate. Moreover, the term филиал (filial, a branch) can be suggested as the

general equivalent for the English term and be used in contexts belonging to the field of Corporate Governance.

2. Calque based on Direct Loan with Assimilation

In some cases the term components are first translated into Russian, using Direct Loan. The term can be borrowed by means of DT and Calque, based on Direct Loan with or without assimilation.

This method retains basic term components from the source language which can be translated with the help of Calque based on Direct Loan. The term gender budget illustrates such a case.