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eumk teoreticheskaya fonetika 2014

Functions of word stress
– 1) Words stress has a c o n s t it u t i v e function, as it molds 
syllables into a word by forming its stress pattern. Without a definite stress pattern a word ceases to 
be a word and becomes a sequence of syllables. 2) Word stress has a d i s t i n c t i v e function in 
English, because there exist different words in English with analogous sound structure which are 
differentiated in speech only by their stress patterns (e.g., 
insult

abstract

accent
). 3) Word stress 
has an i d e n t i f i c a t o r y function because the stress patterns of words enable people to identify 
definite combinations of sounds as meaningful linguistic units. A distortion of the stress patterns 
may hamper understanding or produce a strange accent.
Fundamental frequency
– the lowest frequency that can be found in a periodic waveform. 
In speech, this is almost always the frequency of vibration of the vocal folds. See also 
pitch


Geminate
– adjacent segments that are the same, such as the two consonants in the middle 
of English 
penknife
[nn]. 
General American
– the national standard of the English language spoken in the USA. 
General Phonetics
– a branch of phonetics that studies all the sound-producing possibilities 
of the human speech apparatus and the ways they are used for purposes of human communication 
by means of language. General phonetics studies the complex nature of phonetic phenomena and 
formulates phonetic laws and principles. 
Glide
– the second weak element of English diphthongs. For example: /ɪ/ and /ə/ in /aɪ, eɪ, 
ɪə, ɛə/ are glides. 
Glottal
– the place of articulation of consonants produced with the vocal folds in the larynx; 
an articulation involving the glottis, as [ʔ] 
button
[bʌʔn]; sounds articulated in the glottis. 

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