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eumk teoreticheskaya fonetika 2014

Fortis consonants
– voiceless consonants pronounced with strong muscular tension and 
strong expiratory effect. 
Free variants
– variants of a single phoneme which occur in a language but the speakers are 
inconsistent in the way they use them, as for example in the case of the Russian words 

галоши/калоши
”. 
Free vowel
– a weak vowel followed by a weak (lenis) voiced consonant or by no consonant 
at all. 
Frequency
– a number of vibrations per second; in acoustics, the measure of how many 
times per second a pattern of vibration is repeated. See also 
pitch

Fricative
– constrictive noise consonants articulated when the air escapes with friction 
through the narrowing formed by speech organs. Fricative consonants are made by obstructing the 
flow of air enough to create a hissing noise at a particular place in the vocal tract. Narrowing of the 
distance between two articulators so that the airstream is partially obstructed and a turbulent airflow 
is produced, as in English [z] in 
zoo

Front vowels
– vowels in the production of which the body of the tongue is in the front part 
of the mouth cavity and the front of the tongue is raised. The vowels /i:, ɪ, e, æ/ and the nuclei of the 
diphthongs /eɪ, ɛə/ are front. 
Front-retracted vowels
– vowels produced with the body of the tongue in the front but 
retracted position in the mouth cavity. 
Functional Phonetics
– the branch of phonetics which studies the purely linguistic aspect of 
speech sounds. See 
Phonology

“Functional” view of the phoneme
– it regards the phoneme as the minimal sound unit by 
which meanings may be differentiated without much regard to actually pronounced speech sounds. 
Meaning differentiation is taken to be a defining characteristic of phonemes. The functional 
approach extracts non-distinctive features from the phonemes thus divorcing the phoneme from 
actually pronounced speech sounds. 

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