3.6.3.2 Melamine resins
As already described, melamine resins in stoving coatings react via their functional groups, both
with the hydroxyl groups of partner resins (co-crosslinking), and with themselves (self-crosslink-
ing). That
is also true of combinations of alkyd resins and melamine resins in automotive OEM
topcoats. Co-crosslinking takes place by etherification or trans-etherification, with cleavage of
water or monoalcohols, yielding methylol ether groups as crosslinking bridges. Self-crosslink-
ing is the reaction between functional groups on the melamine resins, with cleavage of water
or monoalcohols, to yield methylene ether or dimethylene ether groups. Due to the increase
in steric hindrance of the aliphatic chains of fatty acids, co-crosslinking of alkyd resins is less
Table 3.6.1: Composition and characteristic values of model alkyd for OEM topcoats
Building blocks. moles
Triol-type
phthalic anhydride
1.000
trimethylol propane
1.050
isononanoic acid
0.630
building blocks, wt-‰
phthalic anhydride
413.6
trimethylol propane
393.2
isononanoic acid
269.4
sum
1076.2
water
76.2
yield (AN = 19.0)
1000.0
characterisitc values
molecular weight, number average [g/mol]
2457
acid number [mg KOH/g]
15.0
OH-number [mg KOH/g)
100
Viscosity, 60 % in xylene [mPa·s, 23 °C)
5500
Automotive OEM coatings
121
effective than with saturated polyesters containing comparable quantities of hydroxyl groups. It
should be remembered that co-crosslinking boosts flexibility and weatherability; in contrast,
self-
crosslinking supports hardness and solvent resistance. The goal is to achieve the greatest balance
of these properties. Once the types of alkyd resin and melamine resin are defined, optimisation
takes place by varying and testing different mixing ratios of both resins. The usual mixing ratios
for alkyd resins and melamine resins range from 60:40 to 75:25. The optimum mixing ratio is
influenced by the quantity of functional groups on both resins, the alkyd hydroxyl groups, and
the molecular weight of the melamine resin, which is directly related to the quantity of functional
groups. If low-molecular melamine resins are used, the optimum quantities are lower. Figure 3.6.3
shows the co-crosslinking reaction between an alkyd resin and a melamine resin.
A typical melamine resin for an automotive topcoat contains melamine, formaldehyde and n-
butanol in the molar ratio of 1:4 :2.5
[117]
. Thus, it still contains residual NH groups, which take
part in self-crosslinking by reacting with methylol groups or etherified methylol groups to form
methylene groups. In addition, the methylol groups and etherified methylol groups react by co-
and self-crosslinking. The average molecular size of the melamine resin is defined by the average
number of melamine molecules per resin molecule, and here is 2.2.
Film forming takes place at
temperatures of 130 to 145 °C, maintained for 15 to 20 minutes. Includ-
ing the heat-up phase, the total stoving time is 20 to 30 minutes. These conditions require rela-
tively reactive melamine resins. As already mentioned, the crosslinking reactions of melamine
resins are accelerated by catalysts. For the given conditions and the melamine resins usually
chosen, the carboxyl groups of the alkyds (acid values) are sufficient for catalysis. However, less
reactive melamine resins, for example HMMM resins, require external acid catalysts. Sulphonic
acids are used for this purpose. The resultant films are adequately hard and flexible. They are
highly weatherable and relatively highly resistant to chemicals and solvents. Combinations of
alkyd resins and melamine resins confer better wetting, levelling, and gloss than saturated poly-
esters or acrylic resins containing hydroxyl groups.
Figure 3.6.3: Co-crosslinking reaction of an alkyd resin and a melamine resin
Topcoats
122
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |