Bog'liq Automotive Coatings Formulation Ulrich Poth - Chemistry, Physics und Practices (2008, Vincentz Network) - libgen.li
chloride process , which has almost completely superseded the earlier
sulphate process [118]
.
Most of the mined minerals contain only small quantities of titanium and so must be dressed. Sig-
nificant quantities of iron compounds are often associated with titanium in ores. The strong colour
of iron requires that it has to be removed as extensively as possible. Titanium dioxide pigments
may contain no more than 50 ppm red iron oxide. In the chloride process, the dry mineral or the
dressed forms are heated with petroleum coke and chlorine at
a temperature of 700 to 1200 °C
to yield titanium tetrachloride and other chlorides. The titanium tetrachloride distils, leaving
the other chloride compounds behind. Cooling to below 300 °C causes the residual quantity of
iron(III) oxide to precipitate. The titanium tetrachloride is condensed at 0 °C. It can be cleaned by
partial reduction and a second distillation step. The pure titanium tetrachloride is oxidised at
900
to 1400 °C in excess oxygen to yield fine particles of titanium dioxide and chlorine (which is recy-
cled). Addition of aluminium chloride (up to 5 % per mole) affords very fine particles of titanium
dioxide. This is then calcined in a rotary furnace and post-treated. The latter consists in adding
small quantities of aluminium oxide, silica, or other colourless oxides for immobilisation on the
surface of the titanium dioxide particles. The purpose of post-treatment is to improve the weath-
erability of titanium dioxide. Untreated titanium dioxide can react with atmospheric moisture.
This reaction is promoted by UV light (absorption maximum at 415 nm) and yields hydroxyl and
hydroperoxide free-radicals and Ti
3+
-ions. The pigment turns grey. A greater disadvantage is the
reaction between the free-radicals and the surrounding polymer matrix. Destruction of the resin
molecules leads to matting and chalking (see Chapter 3.6.2.3). It can be largely avoided by post-
treating the pigment surfaces and choosing resins which form films that resist moisture diffusion.
To facilitate dispersion, the pigments are treated with organic compounds that improve wetting
by acting like surfactants. The light-scattering properties of titanium dioxide are also exploited in
pigments that mostly absorb rather than scatter visible light. Some pigments, e.g. organic violets
and phthalocyanine pigments, look black in pure dispersions. They develop bright colours only
in combination with white. Finally, all pastel colours are based on titanium dioxide.