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oxide (Fe
2
O
3
) in a corundum structure; maghaemite is the
γ
-form in a spinel structure. Iron(III)
oxides range from light red to violet red. The mineral magnetite consists of iron II/III oxide
(Fe
3
O
4
) in a spinel structure and is black. Where iron oxides contain manganese oxides, they
are brown. Down to the present, natural iron oxides have been mined and used as pigments for
coating materials and artists’ colours. However, the iron oxides for OEM topcoats are exclusively
synthetic in order that bright colours and high resistance may be obtained. The raw materials
are iron and steel scrap and iron sulphate as the by-product of the synthesis of titanium dioxide,
iron(III) chloride as the by-product of steel pickling, and other synthesis by-products containing
a significant quantity of iron. Iron oxide pigments are produced in a number of processes. The
iron oxides may be dissolved in sulphuric acid and then, through addition of alkalis or alkaline
carbonates and with the pH still below 7, iron(III) hydrates and iron(III) oxide hydrates can be
precipitated under oxidative conditions. The precipitation conditions (temperature between 10
and 90 °C) influence the crystal structures of the products. The second method (Penniman proc-
ess) avoids the formation of large quantities of alkaline sulphates. A thinned solution of iron II
sulphate is treated with small quantities of alkalis which cause nucleation of iron(III) hydrate
crystals. Scrap is then added and, under oxidative conditions, the iron is transformed into
iron(III) oxide hydrate. The third method produces iron oxides as the by-product of the reduction
of nitro-aromatics to amino-aromatics (e.g. aniline) with scrap iron, which is transformed into
iron(III) oxide hydrate. The iron oxides vary from yellow, to red and black iron in accordance
with the production conditions and addition of other salts. The water-rich products are calcined,
washed, and dried. Yellow iron oxides must be treated at
low temperatures only. Above 180 °C,
they are transformed into red iron(III) oxide, with cleavage of water. Red iron(III) oxide is stable
up to 1200 °C. The higher the calcination temperature, the larger are the particles and the colours
change from light brick-red to a violet red.
Iron oxide pigments are physiologically safe. The TLV value for the inert pigment dust is 6 mg/m³.
Yellow iron oxide has an acicular structure and is 50 to 200 nm wide and 300 to 800 nm long. The
pigment particles are sensitive to high shearing energies (mainly during grinding processes). The
anisotropy of the yellow iron oxide particles leads to metameric effects. However, yellow iron oxides
with spherical particles are also commercially available. In topcoats, yellow iron oxides create
colours ranging from light to dark ochre. No brilliant yellow is available, but the colour strength is
relatively high. Of course, the pigment is not resistant to acids or elevated temperatures.
The particle sizes of red iron oxides lie between 100 and 800 nm. The colours vary from light
brick-red to dark violet-red. Furthermore, the tinting strength and the hiding power decrease. It
is not possible to generate brilliant red colours with iron oxides. Red iron oxide is very stable to
chemicals and high temperatures. Red iron oxide is also suitable for corrosion protection prim-
ers. Black iron oxide has particle sizes of between 100 and 600 nm. On account of its low tinting
strength, mainly relative to carbon black, black iron oxide is not used in topcoats.
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