Alphabet Aa [ei] Nn [en] Bb [bi:] Oo [ou] Cc [si:] Pp [pi:] Dd [di:] Qq [qju:] Ee [i:] Rr [a:] Ff [ef] Ss [es] Gg [ji] Tt [ti:] Hh [eich] Uu [ju:] II [ai] VV [vi:] Jj [jei] Ww [d blju

Need fe`li qatnashgan gapda egaga qarab need dan keyingi fe`lni ishlatamiz.

Jonli ega: I need to clean my house. Men uyumni tozalashim kerak.

Jonsiz ega: My house needs to be cleaned. Uyim tozalanishi kerak.

Jonsiz ega: My house needs cleaning. Uyim tozalanishi kerak.

Need qatnashgan gapda so`roq va inkor gap yasash uchun need modal fe`lining o`zidan foydalanamiz yoki zamon yordamchi fe`llaridan foydalanamiz:

Need fe`lida o`tgan zamonda darak gap yasaganimizda ed;d qo`shiladi. So`roq gap yasaganimizda did yordamchi fe`lidan foydalanamiz. Lekin inkor gap 2 yo`l bilan yasaladi.

Need not + perfective did not need to do …

Kerak emas edi Kerak emas edi

O`tgan zamonda biror ish-harakatni O`tgan zamonda biror ish-

harakatni kerak emasligini

bilmasdan qilib qo`yib, keyin bilib turib qilmaganligni

ifodalaydi.

shu ishni qilish kerak emas ekanligini

aytmoqchiligimizda ishlatamiz:
M-n: I need not have bought eggs at the market yesterday as there were many eggs in the stock. Kecha bozorda men tuxum sotib olishim kerak emas ekan chunki omborda ko`p tuxum bor ekan. (Bilmasdan sotib oldi.)

I didn`t need to buy eggs at the market yesterday as there were many eggs in the stock. Yecha men bozorda tuxum sotib olishim kerak emas edi chunki omborda ko`p tuxum bor edi. (Kerak emas edi va olmagan.)

VERB

FE`L
Fe`l ish-harakatni ifodalovchi so`z turkumi bo`lib, nima qilmoq? So`rog`iga javob bo`ladi.

F`el shaxs-son, zamon, nisbat va mayl kabi Grammatik kategoriyalarni ifodalaydi. Ingliz tilida fe`llar ikkiga bo`linadi:

1. 
   Thi finite forms of the verb – fe`lning shaxsli formalari.
   
2. 
   The nonfinite forms of the verb – fe`lning shaxssiz fo`rmalari.
   

The finite forms of the verb

Fe`lning shaxsli fo`rmalari

Ish-harakatning shaxsini, zamonini, maylini ko`rsatib biladigan fe`llar.

M-n: He goes to school every day. Goes fe`li orqali biz gapning egasi III shaxs birlik, hozirgi noaniq zamon, aniq nisbat va aniqlik mayli ekanligini bilib olishimiz mumkin.

The nonfinite forms of the verb

Fe`lning shaxssiz fo`rmasi.

Ingliz tilida fe`lning shaxssiz fo`rmasi yuqoridagi kategoriyalarni ifodaly olmaydi va bular gapda shaxsli fe`ldan keyin turadi. Fe`lning shaxssiz fo`rmalari 3 turga bo`linadi:

1. Infinitive

2. Gerund

3. Participle.

Infinitive

Infinitive – asosiy fe`ldan keyin turgan shaxssiz fe`lga to yuklamasini qo`shish orqali yasaladi va bu “ish” deb tarjima qilinadi. Shaxsli fe`ldan keyin infinitive kelishi yoki kelmasligini shaxsli fe`lga qarab aniqlaymiz. Quyidagi fe`llardan keyin Infinitive ishlatiladi: ↓

Afford – qurbi yetmoq

Appear – paydo bo`lmoq

Arrange – rejalashtirmoq

Ask – so`ramoq

Attempt – harakat qilmoq

Allow – ruxsat bermoq

Beg – yalinmoq

Care – xoxlamoq

Claim – shikoyat qilmoq

Consent – rozilik bermoq

Cause – sabab bo`lmoq

Challange – chaqirmoq

Command – buyurmoq

Compel – majbur qilmoq

Tell – aytmoq

Trust – ishontirmoq

Desire – xoxlamoq

Demand – talab qilmoq

Decide – qaror qilmoq

Deserve – ga loyiq, sazovor bo`lmoq,

Dare – jurat qilmoq

Expect – kutmoq

*Forget – unutmoq

Fail – yiqilmoq

Hope – umid qilmoq

Hesitate – ikkilanmoq

Intend – rejalashtirmoq

Manage – eplamoq

Mean – ma`no anglatmoq

Pretend – mug`ombirlik qilmoq

Promise – va`da bermoq

Refuse – inkor qilmoq

*Regret – pushaymoq bo`lmoq

*Remember – eslamoq

Tend – moyil bo`lmoq, o`rganib qolmoq

Struggle – kurashmoq

Swear – ont ichmoq

Seem – tuyulmoq

Threaten – majburlamoq

Volunteer – xoxlamoq

Wait – kutmoq

Plan – rejalashtirmoq

Strive – harakat qilmoq

Prepare – tayyor;anmoq

Learn – o`rganmoq

Want –xoxlamoq

Need – ehtiyoj sezmoq

Wish – xoxlamoq, tilamoq

Offer – taklif qilmoq

*Try – harakat qilmoq

Would like – xoxlardi * Stop – to`tatmoq

Begin\start – boshlamoq agree – rozi bo`lmoq

M-n: I decided to go to Tashkent. Men Toshkentga borishga qaror qildim.
* Quyidagi sifatlardan keyin har doim infinitive ishlatiladi. Ularni ko`pchiligi It is + sifat + to fe`l+… birikmasida ham ishlatilishi mumkin:

Difficult – qiyin

Easy – oson

Hard – qiyin

Impossible – bo`lishi mumkin emas

Dangerous – havfli

Safe – havfsiz

Expensive – qimmat cheap – arzon

Anxious – bezovta, notinch pleased – mamnun, xursand

Eager – intiladigan, xoxlaydigan the first – birinchi

usual – odatiy The second – ikkinchi

Common – oddiy the only – yagona bo`lmoq

prepared – tayyorlangan * able – qobiliyatli

Ready – tayyor The last – oxirgi bo`lmoq

* Able so`zi capable bilan sinonim. Lekin grammatika farqli. Able dan keyin infinitive ishlatiladi capable dan keyin har doim of ishlatiladi va gerund keladi. Lekin tarjima bir xil.

I am able to read a book. Men kitob o`qiy olaman.

I am capable of reading a book. Men kitob o`qiy olaman.

M-n: It is difficult to learn English in a month. Bir yilda ingliz tilini o`rganish qiyin.

You are the first to come in time. Sen vaqtida kelgan birinchisan.

* Quyidagi sifatlar shaxsning xarakterini ifodalaydi va ular quyidagi structura bo`yicha ishlatiladi.

It is + sifat + of + somebody + to + fe`l + …

Nice – ajoyib

Kind – muloyim

Clever – aqlli

Sensible – nozik

Mean – hasis ,ziqna

Silly – ahmoq

Careless - etiborsiz

Stupid – ahmoq

Considerate – muloyim,hurmatli Unfair – adolatsiz .

It is careless of him to break the glass. Stakanni sindirishi uning etiborsizliki.

Infinitivning Grammatik kategoriyasi.

Infinitive zamon va nisbat kategiriyalarini ifodalaydi. Bu Grammatik kategoriyalar infinitivning gapda quyidagicha zaman va nisbatda kelishini taminlaydi:

1. The Active non-continuous Non-perfect Infinitive: to write; to send …