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1.3. Key concepts of simultaneous translation
The purpose of this section is to consider the main concepts that
appear in simultaneous translation research in order to form the
terminological apparatus of this work, which will help determine the logic
of the study and operate with definitions that are relevant specifically for
our work.
Paramount for our study is the concept of simultaneous translation.
“This is a type of oral translation carried out by an interpreter
simultaneously with receiving a speech message in a foreign language”.
Among the features of simultaneous translation A.F. highlights:
1) the parallelism of the speaker's speech and the implementation of
the translation;
2) strict dependence on the time and pace of the speaker's speech;
3) the segmental nature of the translation.
The key concepts for our work are the terms "simultaneous
translation reception" and "simultaneous translation strategy". Reception
and strategy are general scientific terms. In the paradigm of simultaneous
translation, the technique and strategy are a certain action plan that the
interpreter implements during simultaneous translation.
Strategy was originally a military term, which then took root in the
economy as "the art of directing the actions of a team to achieve common,
main goals in its struggle against the enemy". In the strategic management
system, strategy as a plan acts as a system of sequential actions [Gurkov,
2004, p. 2]. A translation strategy in simultaneous interpreting means a
model of actions that allows for an adequate and equivalent ST.
The reception is characterized in the Explanatory Dictionary of
Ushakov as a certain way or mode of action when performing any action.
In the ST system, reception should be considered as a way to perform a
translation action. Shiryaev understands the translation action of a
simultaneous interpreter as “translation of the next speech link of the
source text” [Shiryaev, 1979, p. 172]. It should be noted that the reception
is characterized by the constancy of the same type of action.
The synonymy of the concepts of reception and strategy leads some
researchers to see them as interchangeable or apply them differently. For
example, I.V. Gurin uses the term "techniques of speech compression"
[Gurin, 2008, p. 86], while V.M. Ilyukhin used the term "strategy of
speech compression" [Ilyukhin, 2001, p. 95].
Thus, the difference between the considered concepts lies in the fact
that the technique always involves the same type of actions, while in the
strategy they can vary, but always lead to the same goal.
Among all varieties of simultaneous translation, there is a concept
that requires detailed consideration due to its novelty. This is a mixed type
of translation - simultaneous-consecutive translation. In English, this term
is usually translated as ‘simconsec’, in very rare cases the name ‘consec-
simul’ comes across. As we said earlier, synchronously consecutive
interpreting appeared in 1999, and there is no official definition for this
type of interpreting, since it has not yet formed as a self-sufficient type of
interpreting. A prerequisite is the availability of compact sound recording
equipment and headphones for the interpreter. When the speaker is
speaking, the interpreter can keep what was said in memory and, if
desired, use shorthand. At this time, an audio recording of the speaker is
being made. When the speech message is completed, the audio recording
is turned on and the interpreter translates in sync based on the recordings
and preliminary translation.
The main feature of simultaneous-sequential translation is that the
interpreter has the opportunity to listen to the speaker's entire message to
the end, and then translate in parallel with the audio recording of the
speech that has just been delivered.
We offer our own definition: simultaneous-consecutive interpreting
is a type of interpretation that proceeds as consecutive interpreting at all
stages, except for the stage of translation reproduction, in which the
interpreter listens to an audio recording of the source text and
simultaneously pronounces the finished translation, relying on this audio
recording for a more complete transfer of information .
Another key concept that appears in our work is the
psychophysiological load. B.P. Yakovlev and O.G. Litovchenko write
that “the concept of “mental load”, like a number of its other synonymous
concepts (psychophysiological load, neuropsychic load, psycho-
emotional load, overload), is included in the conceptual apparatus of
modern education, but has not yet received a strict theoretical and
scientific-experimental development”. A.Yu. Panchenko separates the
physiological and psychological side of labor activity and claims that the
psychophysiological load manifests itself in the physiological and
psychological phenomena accompanying the labor process, respectively,
and is “the reaction of the body to a given level of load”.
There is another term that is important in the study of
psychophysiological load - cognitive load. This concept comes from the
theory of the same name proposed by John Sweller. It is related to the
teaching process. It is based on the idea that our working memory is
limited by the amount of information that can be retained and the number
of operations that can be carried out with this information [Cognitive load
theory].
K. Sieber writes that due to the ambiguous nature of cognitive load,
it is difficult to define it. On the one hand, this is the load that is placed on
the actor with a specific task, on the other hand, the perception of this
burden by the actor when performing a certain task.
In his work, K. Sieber defines cognitive load as “... a measure of the
ability it takes to perform a mental task in a system that, by its nature, has
limitations” [Sieber, 2013, p. nineteen].
Thus, the conceptual apparatus of our study is composed of the terms
SP, simultaneous translation strategy, simultaneous translation technique,
translation
action,
simultaneous
consecutive
translation,
psychophysiological and cognitive load.
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