1-variant 1The subject matters of Lexicology

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1. 
   Types of dictionaries.
   

There are encyclopeadic and linguistic dictionaries. An Encyclopeadic dictionary gives the information of extralinguistic world. It gives the about the important events, animals, and all branches of knowledge. They deal not with words, but with facts and concept. There are two main types of dictionaries: general dictionaries and special dictionaries. General dictionaries are divided into explanatory dictionaries and parallel translation dictionaries (bilingual and multilingual). The best known explanatory dictionaries are: “ The Shorter Oxford Dictionary” in two volumes, based on the NED, the COD (one volume). Chamber’s 20 th Century Dictionary (one volume), WNID, New Comprehensive Standard Dictionary, the New Random House Dictionary, Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary etc. Most of these dictionaries present the spelling, usage, pronounciation and meaning of words grammatical information, origan of words, derivatives, phraseology, etymology, synonyms and antonyms. Pronounciation is shown either by means of the International phonetic transcription or in British phonetic notation which is somewhat different in each of the larger reference bbook

2.The classification of Phraseological Units.

V. V. Vinogradov classified phroseological units into three groups taking into consideration their motivation. They are: 1) phraseological fusions; they are such units which are completely non motivated word groups; Ex. to kick the bucket to get one’s goat, show the white feather. In these word groups the meaning of the whole expressions is not derived from the meaning of components. 2) phraseologycal units; the meaning of such word-groups can be perceived through the metaphorical meaning of the whole phraseological unit or the meaning of which may be seen as a metaphorical transference of the meaning of the word group: ex. to show one’s teeth, to know the way the wind blows, to stand to one’s guns, to take care of; 3) phraseological collocations: They include motivated relatively stable word groups. They have a certain degree of stabillity; ex. to take an interest, to fall in love, to look through one’s fingers, meet the demand etc.

3. .Types of lexicology.

There are 5 types of lexicology: 1) general; 2) special; 3) descriptive; 4) historical; 5) comparative. General lexicology is a part of general linguistics which studies the general properties of words, the specific features of words of any particular language. It studies the pecularities of words common to all the languages. General lexicology attemptas to find out the universals of vocabulary development and patterns.Linguistic pheenomena and properties common to all languages are generally called language universals. Special lexicology deals with the words of a definite language. Descripitive lexicology studies the words at a synchronic aspect. It is concerned with the vocabulary of a language as they exist at the present time. Historical or diachronic lexicology deals with the development of the vocabulary and the changes it has undergone. Ex. In dsecriptive lexicology the words “ to take “ ,“to adopt “ are considered as being English not differing from such native words as “ child ”,” foot “,” stone “ etc.But in historical lexicology they are treated as borrowed words. Comparative lexicology deals with the properties of the vocabulary of two or more languages. In comparative lexicology the main characteristic features of the words of two or more languages are compared. Ex .Russian-English lexicology, English- Friench lexicology and etc. Lexicology is closely connected with other aspects of the language: grammar, phonetics,the history of the language and stylistics.