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UzbekBankingRG2009 (1)



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https://www.researchgate.net/publication/46509994
Banking Sector Development in Uzbekistan
Article
in
Problems of Economic Transition · June 2009
DOI: 10.2753/PET1061-1991520201 · Source: RePEc
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Kobil Ruziev
University of the West of England, Bristol
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Problems of Economic Transition
, vol. 52, no. 2, June 2009, pp. 3–41.
© 2009 M.E. Sharpe, Inc. All rights reserved.
ISSN 1061–1991/2009 $9.50 + 0.00.
DOI 10.2753/PET1061-1991520201
K
obil
R
uziev
and
d
ipaK
G
hosh
Banking Sector Development
in Uzbekistan
A Case of Mixed Blessings?
Using grass-roots-level data, this article analyzes factors that contrib-
ute to the current backwardness of the Uzbek banking sector. The study 
attempts to show that despite considerable progress achieved in terms 
of modernizing payments systems, embracing international account-
ing standards, and establishing a two-tier banking system, not much 
improvement has been made in terms of financial intermediation in 
the country. It argues that the Uzbek government’s post-independence 
policy of not dismantling the old style of monetary management, which 
was prompted by the need to prevent the economy from dramatic reduc-
tion in output and employment, has outlived its usefulness and should 
now be reformulated to promote a banking system able to cope with 
the needs of a market-based economy.
3
Kobil Ruziev is a lecturer in economics at the School of Management and 
Business, University of Wales Aberystwyth, who has also worked for the National 
Bank of Uzbekistan. His research areas are economic transformation in former 
centrally planned economies, money and banks in emerging economies, and 
institutional economics. Address correspondence to School of Management and 
Business, University of Wales Aberystwyth, Aberystwyth SY23 3DD, Wales, 
UK; e-mail: kkr@aber.ac.uk.
Dipak Ghosh is senior lecturer in the Department of Economics at the Univer-
sity of Stirling and director of MBiTE. Within a broad area of interest in economic 
growth, development, and structural change, his research and teaching interests 
are emerging country finance, financial exclusion, poverty issues, post-Keynesian 
growth, and money, banking, and finance in transition economies. Address cor-
respondence to Department of Economics, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 
4LA, Scotland, UK; e-mail: dipak.ghosh@stir.ac.uk.


4 PROBLEMS OF ECONOMIC TRANSITION
Financial deepening is a necessary but not a sufficient condi-
tion for promoting economic growth. A good example of this is 
the former Soviet Union (FSU), where a relatively high level of 
economic development was achieved without any accompanying 
financial deepening. Nevertheless, the existence of a strong correla-
tion, though not necessarily of exact causation, between financial 
deepening and economic growth in market economies cannot be 
denied (Fry, 1995; Goldsmith, 1969). As Levine observed “although 
conclusions must be stated hesitantly and with ample qualifications, 
the predominance of theoretical reasoning and empirical evidence 
suggests a first-order relationship between financial development 
and economic growth” (1997, p. 688).
The fact that centrally planned economies had an underdeveloped 
financial sector and that financial deepening plays an important role 
in market economies necessitated the transformation of the system-
specific monobank sector of the centrally planned economies into 
a two-tier banking sector integrated into a market economy—a 
task common to all transition economies (TEs). Despite the com-
monality of this task, however, individual countries pursued dis-
similar reform strategies. With hindsight, it can be observed that 
economic rationale did not always prevail over political factors 
in policy-making in the TEs (Luong and Weinthal, 2001; Roland, 
2002). As a result, despite similar initial conditions, the quality of 
institutional development differs substantially across individual 
countries after more than fifteen years of transition.
In general, the experience of East European countries in transi-
tion differs from that of the Commonwealth of Independent States 
(CIS), which experienced central planning for a much longer period 
than the former group of countries. The peculiarity of transition 
experience, as reflected in the widening variation of institutional 
quality across transition economies, was elegantly termed the 
“Great Divide” by Berglof and Bolton (2002). The differences are 
especially contrasting with respect to the fast-reformers in advanced 
transition economies of the Central and East European and the 
Baltic States (CEEBS), most of which have already crossed the 
Great Divide, and the poorer and slow-reformer countries of the 
CIS, which have yet to cross it.


jUNE 2009 5
In terms of general financial deepening, all transition economies 
are still behind the standards enjoyed by the advanced market 
economies. However, in terms of institutional quality, the advanced 
transition economies of CEEBS are not that far from their mar-
ket economy counterparts, at least as measured by the European 
Bank for Reconstruction and Development’s indexes of financial 
sector reform (EBRD, 2007). In stark contrast, the poorer and 
slow-reformer economies of the CIS such as Armenia, Azerbai-
jan, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan
the so-called CIS-7, are financially underdeveloped even by the 
standards of the transition economies (de Nicolo, Geadah, and 
Rozhkov, 2003).
The purpose of this article is to investigate the sources of fi-
nancial development or, to be more precise, underdevelopment in 
Uzbekistan, which, among the CIS-7, lies furthest from the Great 
Divide. The interesting thing about the Uzbek case is that in 1989 
Uzbekistan was the third-largest country in terms of population, 
about 20 million, and fourth in terms of territory, about 447,000 
square kilometers, within the FSU. It was, and still is, the most 
populous country in Central Asia. Despite this, less attention has 
been given in the literature to the analysis of the Uzbek transition 
experience, especially with regard to its financial sector develop-
ment. Nonetheless, the main reason for this lack of research depth 
was not lack of interest or disregard; rather it was mainly a result 
of the inaccessibility of Uzbek macroeconomic and microeconomic 
data (World Bank, 2003).
1
Although data availability is still an issue, since 2002 the Uzbek 
authorities have made some macroeconomic data more accessible 
to a wider audience (IMF, 2007, p. 14). Since that time, two papers 
have emerged in the literature: Ergashev (2006) has discussed the 
public sector reforms, and Akimov and Dollery (2006) have dis-
cussed the financial sector reforms from a general perspective.
2
In 
a way, this article too is a product of this relatively recent trend. 
However, this article differs from the other two in the following 
aspects. First, it focuses on the banking sector reforms only, carries 
out a step-by-step analysis of banking sector development, and dis-
cusses current problems peculiar to the Uzbek experience. Second, 


6 PROBLEMS OF ECONOMIC TRANSITION
in addition to available macroeconomic data, it uses grassroots-level 
data collected by means of interviews with a cross-section of the 
banking sector practitioners. Various reports and instructions of the 
Central Bank of Uzbekistan (CBU) are also extensively used in 
the analysis. The study attempts to show that, despite considerable 
progress achieved in terms of payments system modernization, 
embracing international accounting standards, and establishing a 
two-tier banking system, not much improvement has been made 
with respect to financial intermediation in the country. The article 
analyzes factors that have contributed to the backwardness of the 
Uzbek banking sector.

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