Selected Banking Sector Indicators (%)
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Bank assets to
gross domestic
product (GDP)
51.6
64.9
52.6
45.7
41.1
37.0
36.1
International debt
to GDP
48.9
58.5
50.6
43.7
37.3
31.3
22.8
Government
guaranteed loans
to total loans
82.9
82.4
78.2
75.5
69.5
59.8
52.2
Overdue loans to
total loans
3.0
5.1
8.5
10.9
9.3
8.9
7.3
Savings accounts
to total liabilities
12.8
10.8
11.6
12.3
11.0
18.4
15.4
Sources:
Row 1 from Central Bank of Uzbekistan, “Current Situation in the Area
of Money and Credit and the Main Focus of Monetary Policy for 2006,” available
at http://cbu.uz/uz/monet_policy/monet_direct2006.htm;
“Current Situation in the
Area of Money and Credit and the Main Focus of Monetary Policy for 2007,”
available at http://cbu.uz/uz/monet_policy/monet_direct2007.htm; “Current
Situation in the Area of Money and Credit and the Main Focus of Monetary
Policy for 2008,” available at http://cbu.uz/uz/monet_policy/monet_direct2008
.htm;
row 2 from European Bank for Reconstruction and Development,
Transition
Report
(various years); and the rest from the International Monetary Fund
Republic
of Uzbekistan: Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper. IMF Country Report no. 08/34
(Washington, DC, 2008), table 2.2, p. 18.
jUNE 2009 19
ergy, such as fuel products. In this sense, at the start of the transition,
Uzbekistan emphasized “stability at any cost” rather than proclaim-
ing economic growth as its main goal (Spechler, 2000). The second
priority was to modernize the economy through strengthening the
industrial sector. These priorities were to be achieved by keeping
centralized control over the key sectors—the industrial, agricultural,
energy, and banking sectors—of the economy.
After achieving self-sufficiency in energy and wheat production,
by 1996 and 1998, respectively, the Uzbek government took a much
more ambitious stance in steering the economy. In the next stage of
development, they sought to modernize the economy by increas-
ing the share of industrial production in total output. That is, the
country “adopted an import-substitution development strategy that
was intended to transform an economy heavily dependent on agri-
cultural and natural resources into a modern industrial economy”
(World Bank, 2003, p. i).
Whether these policies were successful or not is beyond the
scope of this article, but these issues have relevance in explaining
the structure and performance of the banking sector. Despite the
significant appropriation of rent from the agricultural and energy
sectors, the investable surplus accumulated in the hands of the au-
thorities was not sufficient to finance the government’s ambitious
development programs. For this reason, the government resorted
to considerable external borrowing and, since independence, bor-
rowed well over US$5 billion, equivalent to more than 55 percent
of GDP, from abroad. Almost all of these funds, usually medium to
long-term trade credits, needed to finance big investment projects,
were borrowed under sovereign guarantees and were on-loaned by
the state-owned commercial banks to local enterprises (Ruziev,
Ghosh, and Dow, 2007, p. 21).
As the first two rows of Table 5 indicate, there is a strong
correlation between banking sector assets and international borrow-
ing. Moreover, given that a significant part of banking sector assets
originates from borrowings from abroad, it is not surprising to see
that a large proportion of bank loans are government-guaranteed.
As the third row of Table 5 indicates, the share of government-
guaranteed loans in total loans remained well above 70 percent up
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