system with a two-tiered banking system. Gosbank
(State Bank) was assigned the tasks of safeguarding the payments
8 PROBLEMS OF ECONOMIC TRANSITION
system, providing liquidity to the banking sector and monitoring
the activities of the specialized commercial banks; no longer was it
allowed to grant credits directly to the enterprise sector. There were
five large banks in the second tier of the banking sector in the late
1980s. All of these banks were highly specialized: Promstroibank
in charge of financing industrial reconstruction; Vneshekonombank
for financing foreign economic activity; Agroprombank
in charge
of financing agriculture; Zhilsotsbank for financing real estate and
other social spheres;
and Sberbank
in charge of attracting household
deposits. However, the failure of the perestroika reforms to change
the structural rigidities of the centrally planned system implied that
the 1987–88 banking reform did not change the pattern of bank
financing (Abarbanell and Meyendorff, 1997, p. 67).
The current Uzbek banking system was formed on the basis of
the regional branches of Gosbank
and the above-mentioned spe-
cialized banks after Uzbekistan gained independence toward the
end of 1991. The Uzbek branch of Gosbank, which had already
enjoyed some monetary autonomy from the center as a result of
the reforms introduced during perestroika, became the Central
Bank of Uzbekistan (CBU). The existing specialized banks of the
system were reorganized and sometimes renamed. However, they
all retained their area of specialization and remained state-owned
and state-controlled. The savings bank became Xalq Bank (People’s
Bank), and Vneshekonombank
was renamed the National Bank for
Foreign Economic Activity of the Republic of Uzbekistan (NBU).
Promstroibank
and Agroprombank kept their function of financ-
ing industry and agriculture, respectively, only the latter was given
the new name of Paxta
Bank (Cotton Bank). Although the country
started the process of transition with a de jure market-based two-
tier banking system, de facto
it was only a little different from the
Soviet monobank
system.
In response to the economic priorities set by the authorities
several more specialized banks were established in the banking
sector during 1994–96. Thus, Asaka
bank was established to sup-
port the newly established automobile industry, which was built
around the passenger car-producing plant UzDaewooAuto, a joint
venture with the now defunct South Korean Daewoo, with an an-
jUNE 2009 9
nual production capacity of 200,000 cars, while G’allabank
(Grain
Bank) was established to support wheat-producing farms. This was
in response to the authorities’ intention to achieve self-sufficiency
in wheat production. Tadbirkorbank
(Entrepreneurial Bank)
was
set up to support small and medium enterprise. All the special-
ized banks established during this time were set up as joint-stock
companies and hence were not considered as state-owned by the
authorities. However, they all came into existence at the initiative
of the government and their capital was either directly injected
from the state budget or provided by state agencies or state-owned
enterprises, which naturally became majority shareholders of these
banks. Sometimes the existing banks also contributed to the start-up
capital of newly formed banks.
Since the beginning of transition the authorities have taken
a more conservative and stricter approach to licensing private
banks. This meant that, unlike the situation in some other transition
countries, small private banks and the quasi-banking institutions
did not flourish in Uzbekistan throughout the years of transition.
In a way this policy prevented the formation of pyramid schemes
that flourished in some transition countries, the collapse of which
severely shattered confidence in their financial system (see Jarvis,
2000, for the Albanian case, and Rock and Solodkov, 2001, for
the Russian case). Although there are currently about ten privately
owned banks in the country, their presence in the banking sector
and impact on the economy are nominal.
Table 1 shows the number of commercial banks in the country.
Despite having a relatively small number of banks operating in a
country of about 27 million people, the Uzbek banking sector has a
moderate level of branch penetration: there are about 800 branches
(approximately 33,000 people per branch) and 1,787 mini-banks
(small bank branches usually set up to provide basic banking ser-
vices to customers in remote areas with lower population density),
which is a relatively large number by the standards of transition
economies (Jaffee and Levonian, 2001).
Although there are a small number of foreign-owned banks in
the country, their influence and impact on the banking sector is
nowhere near the standards experienced by the banking sectors of
10 PROBLEMS OF ECONOMIC TRANSITION
the transition economies of CEEBS. There were only five foreign-
owned banks registered in Uzbekistan in 2007. Only two of these
banks have sizable capital and assets. These are ABN Amro Bank
Uzbekistan NB and Uzbek-Korean Development Bank (formerly
UzDaewoo bank), each accounting for about 1 percent of banking
sector capital and assets, respectively. Both were established as
joint-stock banks in 1996 with capital participation from the NBU
(Ruziev, 2006).
Table 1 also shows the EBRD’s index of banking reform.
3
A score
of 1.7 for the Uzbek banking sector, which has not changed since
1995, indicates that, since the establishment of the two-tier banking
system, not much progress has been made in terms of liberalizing
policies of credit allocation, soft credits, and interest ceilings.
Table 2 shows detailed information on the eight largest banks
in the country, such as ownership structure, state participation in
banks’ capital, whether banks were created de novo or restructured
on the basis of the previous banks, and the founding date. Banks
are listed in order of their founding dates. These eight banks jointly
account for more than nine-tenths of banking sector capital and
assets. Of these, the NBU is the largest bank, carrying out more
than half of the banking business in the country (Ruziev, 2006; see
also EBRD, 2004).
Table 1
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