Zahiriddin muhammad bobur nomidagi andijon davlat universiteti ingliz tili grammatikasi kafedrasi

Substantivized adjectives
In Modern English and Uzbek/Russian the substantivized adjectives have acquired some or all of the characteristics of the noun, but their adjectival origin is still generally felt.
In English the substantivized adjectives are divided into wholly substantivized and partially substantivized adjectives.
Wholly substantivized adjectives have all the characteristics of nouns, namely the plural form, the genitive case; they are associated with articles, i. e. ^fhey have become nouns: a native, the natives, a native's hut.
Some wholly substantivized adjectives have only the plural form: eatables, valuables, ancients, greens.
They can be called the adjectives of the pluralia tamtum like the nouns of the same tantum.
Partially substantivized adjectives acquire only some of the characteristics of the noun; they are used with the definite article. Partially substantivized adjectives denote a whole class: the rich, the present, the absent, the poor, the unemployed. They may also denote abstract notions: the good, the evil, the beautiful, the singular, the plural.
They may be called the adjectives of the singularia tantum, although the predicate in such cases may agree with subject either in singular or in plural.
Substantivized adjectives denoting nationalities fall under wholly and partially substantivized adjectives.
Wholly substantivized adjectives are: a Russian—Russians, a German —Germans.
Partially substantivized adjectives are: the English, the French, the Chinese.
In Uzbek and Russian , unlike English, all the qualitative and quantitative adjectives can be substantivized.
Adjectives in the languages compared form their degrees of comparison in the following way.
In English:

1. 
   by the inflexion –er, -est (synthetical way);
   
2. 
   by placing more and most before the adjective (analytical way). Monosyllabic adjectives usually form their comparatives and superlativein the first way, and polysyllabic adjectives in the second way.
   

The following polysyllabic adjectives, however, generally form their comparative and superlative degrees inflexionally:
1. Adjectives of two syllables which end in -y, -ow, -er, -le
happy happier (the) happiest
narrow narrower (the) narrowest
clever cleverer (the) cleverest
simple simpler (the) simplest
2 Adjectives of two syllables which have the stress on the last syllable:
complete completer (the) completes
concise conciser (the) concisest
Some adjectives have irregular forms of degrees of comparison(that is a suppletive way in cases when the degrees of comparison of adjectives are formed by changing the root of the adjective in the positive degree into totally another root, e.g.:
good better (the) best
bad worse (the) worst
many, much more (the) most
In certain cases like below we may observe two forms of the comparative and two forms of the superlative degree of the adjective:
far father/further (the) farthest
further (the)furthest
old older/elder (the) oldest/eldest
Some adjectives can express their comparative and superlative degrees in both synthetical and analytical ways:
common – commoner(more common) - (the)commonest/ (the) most common
modest – modester (more modest) – (the) modestest /(the) most modest
polite – politer/more polite – (the) politest/ (the) most polite
modern- moderner- the modernest or modern-more modern-the most modern
In Uzbek the comparative degree of the adjective is formed strictly in two ways: 1)by adding the inflexion –роқ to the root of the adjective to form the comparative degree (synthetical way) and by placing the analytical means “энг/ўта, роса, жуда, гоят, бағоят, бехад, бенихоя” before the root of the adjective to form the superlative degree :
яхши – яхши-роқ - энг/ ўта яхши
катта – катта-роқ – энг/ўта,роса, жуда катта
Incase of the use of “ўта” in Uzbek the semantics of the superlative degree is, to certain extent, hyperbolized which is not implied in the use of « энг».
In Russian, unlike English and Uzbek, we observe the following ways of forming the degrees of comparison of the adjectives, that is:
1)by adding the inflexion “–ee” to the root of the adjective to form the comparative degree (synthetical way) ;
2)by placing the analytical means “caмый» before the root of the adjective( analytical way) or by adding the inflection “«-ейший» to form the superlative degree(synthetical way) or even by adding the prefix “наи-“ before the root of the adjective and inflection “ –ейший»after the root(synthetical way) :
красивый –красивее – самый красивый/ красивейший/наикрасивейший
тяжелый – тяжелее – самый тяжелый/ тяжелейший/наитяжелейший
As we see, in Russian there are three ways of forming the superlative degree of the adjectives, the last way (наитяжелейший, наикрасивейший) can be called “double superlative” and it has the implication of certain hyperbolized semantics of the superlative degree which is not implied in the use of “самый ”.
In Modern Russian there is another analytical means of forming the superlative degree of the adjectives, that is, the prefix “сверх- “ added to the root of the adjective:
cложный – сложнее – сверхсложный (along with such superlative forms as “сложнейший» и «наисложнейший».
It is worth mentioning that the English adjectives have the following specific spelling rules of forming their comparative and the superlative degrees:
1. If the adjective ends in a consonant preceded by a stressed short vowel, the consonant is doubled before -er, -est.
sad sadder (the) saddest
big bigger (the) biggest
2. If the adjective ends in -y preceded by a consonant, у is changed into “i”/'before -er and -est.
busy busier (the) busiest
happy happier (the) happiest
3. If the adjective ends in -e thee is dropped before -er and -est.
brave braver (the) bravest
fine finer (the) finest
The adjective has the following syntactical characteristics in the compared languages:
In a sentence the adjective may be used as an attribute or as a predicative.
Small children like to watch interesting cartoons. (attributes.)
Ёш болалар қизиқарли мульфилмлар кўришни ёқтирадилар,
Laura was very nervous.(predicative)
Лаура жуда асабий эди.
Лаура была очень нервной.
The isomorphic and allomorphic features of the adjectives in Modern English, Uzbek and Russian:
The isomorphic features:

1. 
   structural and semantic types are similar (but their subtypes are dissimilar)
   
2. 
   substantivization of adjectives is a universal process in the compared languages.
   
3. 
   syntactical functions are the same;
   

The allomorphic features:

1. 
   English and Russian have derivative adjectives formed by the help of prefixes, infixes , postfixes, preinfixes, prepostfixes, inpostfixes, preinpostfixes, whereas Uzbek has only postfixes, (prefixes and infixes in Uzbek being of Persian origin) ;
   
2. 
   Russian has a developed system of grammatical categories, mainly categories of number, gender, case, degree and animateness/inanimiteness, whereas English and Uzbek have only one category, that of the degree of comparison.
   
3. 
   English has substantivized adjectives of the pluralia tantum which agree with the subject either in singular or in plural.
   
4. 
   In modern English we classify the substantivized adjectives into the three main types:
   
5. 
   the substantivized adjectives that have singular and plural forms: f.e. the captive, the captives, the fugitive, the fugitives, etc.
   
6. 
   the substantivized adjectivesthat have only singular form: the poor, the rich, the good, the evil, the present, the absen, the English, the French, the Chinese, etc.
   
7. 
   The substantivized adjectivesthat have only plural form:eatables, valuables, ancients, greens, etc..
   
8. 
   The substantivized adjectives that have only singular form may be termed “substantivized adjectives of the singularia tantum”, and the substantivized adjectives that have only plural form may be termed “substantivized adjectives of the pluralia tantum”.
   
9. 
   In English not all qualitative and quantitative adjectives can be substantivized and used in plural, but some of them only. In Uzbek, unlike their English counterparts, all qualitative and quantitative adjectives can be substantivized and used in plural( including their stylistical usage).
   
10. 
    In English the superlative form of the adjective is always proceeded by the definite article, but when the very form is used as a direct address it never takes the articles, for example: Dearest, care for tea?; Sweetest, could come here?