Zahiriddin muhammad bobur nomidagi andijon davlat universiteti ingliz tili grammatikasi kafedrasi

The course of the lecture
Now let’s analyze the simple sentence systems of the compared languages.When compared ME, MU and MR have many similarities in their system of simple sentences. First of all, we have to accept that the compared langauges have the following structural sentence types:
1. Simple one-member unextended
2. Simple one-member extended
3. Simple two-member unextended
4. Simple two-member extended
It is noteworthy that the semantical - communicative types of sentences in ME, MU and MR are the same:
1.the declarative
2.the interrogative
3.the imperative
4.the exclamatory (emotive)
Though, structurally and semantically sentence types may coinside, there are substantial dissimilarities in the structure of parts of the sentence linked with their morphological and syntactical categories. It is important to note that in English a sentence should and must always have a grammatical subject and a grammatical predicate.
We can not say the same in relation to an Uzbek sentence where sentences are characterised by pleonasm of predicate which always has a hint at the subject, that is a subject in Uzbek can easily be ommitted or hidden, but the semantical and structural organization will remain as clear and correct as it should be. It is interesting to note that, such English sentences as "it is raining, it is snowing, it is ten o'clock etc." Have no grammatical contertypes in Uzbek and Russian. Uzbek has such sentences as "ёмғир ёғаяпди, қор ёғаяпди, соат ўн" as semantical countertypes of the mentioned English sentences.
Compare: "Дождь идет, 10 часов".
The main dissimilarities lie in the morphological and syntactical categories of the main and secondary parts of sentence in the languages compared.
The nomenclature of the parts of a sentence is the same. We can distinguish the following main parts of the sentence in the langauges compared:
1. subject
2. predicate
We can distinguish the following secondary parts :
1. object
2. attribute
3. adverbial modifiers
4. direct adress.
In the languages compared "direct adress" and "parenthesis" can be even treated as tertiary parts of a sentence, for example:
Ann, take the book! To tell the truth. I am tired.
Анна, китобни ол ! Ростини айтсам, мен чарчадим.
Анна, возьми книгу! Правду говоря, я устал(а)
There are many other similarities in a sentence structure of the langauges compeared, which we have been witnessing since school classes of Uzbek and Russian, as well as of English.
Now we shall get down to comparative typology of syntactical units, mainly sentences, which are the larger langauge units than phrases. In general, typology of sentences is closely linked with the name of such an academician as I.I.Meschaninov who is the first scholar to investigate typologically the structure of sentences of different languages of the so called former “Soviet Union”.
It is I.I.Meshchaninov who scrupulously investigated the linguistic nature of structural types of sentences and offered the typological classification of language based on the pure syntactical criteria.
Academician I.I.Meshchaninov distinguished 3 main types of languages as to one clearcut criterion, that is the way the subject of the sentences is expressed in languages:
1. Languages of nominative structure with the subjects expressed by the nominative(common case of) nouns:
The boy plays a ball., Тоштемир - студент, Таня - рабочая.
We have spoken of the characteristic features of the languages of nominative structure and here we see a very developed morphological system.
2) language of possessive structure with special forms of subject in the possessive case( Дадаси(бололарнинг), бу ёққа келинг.
3) languages of ergative structure with a subject of a sentence in the ergative case ( if the predicate expressed by the verb is always in the passive voice ) in such languges as Georgian, Adigel, Dargin Lazgin, if a predicate of the sentenceis in the acrive form, the nominative form of the subject is used.
These types of language structure are distinguished as to the case features of the subject word in the sentence. So, in nominative languages the subject word in the sentence is always in the nominative (common) case:
Jack is working
Раис келди
Mашина подехала
In the possessive languages the subject word is always in the possessive case(like in Uzbek: Дадаси, бу ерга келинг. Онаси, ыаердасиз? Тогаси, чойга келинг, Амакиси айтяпти, etc.
Such languages as Eskimoss, Iberian - Caucasian languages (such as Lak, Abhaz languages) in which if the sentence has a predicate expressed by the transitive verb the subject is in the possessive case. In ergative languages (such as Georgian, Adigel, Dargin Lazgin) the subject stands in an ergative case if the predicate is in passive. What is a class language?
A class language ia a language which distinguidhes ammate and inammate nouns which have specific affixes expressing this typological category.
To such languages we resort the languages of central Africa (such languages as suahili, sham, bala, zulu, soto, shona, congo) of latter class it is stated that they have aquired this category of Late.
The class typology is clearly and very extensively repre sented in the Bantod languages, here is the exception of such languages of naho-dagestan languages or Burushasky etc.
Such features of the class languages as distinguished parts of speech into classes as to certain features, for example:
Class of:
1) nouns animate and inaminate nouns
2) classes of human beings
3) classes of aminals
4) classes of peaks
5) classes of long subjects (длинных объектов)
6) classes of round subjects
7) classes of flat objects

I.I.Meshchaminov disciple Klimov G.A. distinguishes 5 different types of languages based on the syntactical criteria¹:

1. Nominative
2. Ergative
3. Class language structures which demand deeper comparative
4. Active investigations in future
5. Neutral

As to verbs,we can say that the following verbs may be of two types:

1. 
   class of verbs of situation
   
2. 
   class of verbs of quality with corresponding affixal systems to express the above said.
   

Here the main difference betwen the two types of classes of verbs is the following:
2. Verbs of situation have diatez of non-voice character. Now after we have made a brief survey of the typological studies in the field of syntax of non-related languages, we can directly proceed on to discussion of the notions of sentenceme (sentence) utterance, proposeme, taxeme (monotaxeme, politaxeme) discourseme, binome, polinome so far.
"Sentenceme" is a major syntactical unit characterized by an indivisible whole structure and contains at least one grammatical subject and one grammatical predicate in it's simplest form. Some other schools think it advisable to use the term "proposeme" which means traditional "sentence" containing certain proposition (event) expressed through a subject-predicate structure.
As far as the term "utterance" is concerned, it is rather a phonetical term for "sentence" expressing some complete thought squeezed into an utterance (in Uzbek it means "айтим, жумла").
As to the term taxeme we can say that it is a notion which means a subject - predicate structure (in its simplest form, or even more than one subject - predicate structure as in composite sentences).
So, here by taxeme we mean "sentence" both "simple" and "composite" as they are traditionally called.
So,"taxeme" is a happy term, which is very fit for typological use of it, for it tends to be universal like a phoneme, morpheme or lexeme in language.
"Taxeme" may fall under two subtypes:
1) monotaxeme (simple sentence)
2) polytaxeme (composite sentence)
The terms "discourseme" and "dicteme" were offered by M.Y.Blokh in his work "Теоретические основы грамматики" М., 1983, стр. 47-49, 113-146) to express composite sentence type. Regarding the terms "binome, polinome" suggested by M.R.Cheremisina, T.M. Kolosova (see: Очерки по теории сложных предложений, Новосибирск,1988) they are used in the meaning of traditional understanding of "Composite sentences containing two or more clauses".
But, here, we have to speak first of "mononome" which was not offered by the above mentioned scholars without which this couple of terms is too difficult to understand, and then "mononome" would mean "simple sentence" as opposed to "binome" and "polinome".
Now we have to speak of the sentence systems of the compared languages (English and Uzbek) and observe the following in matrix:

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