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Comparative typology of adverbs in Modern English and Uzbek/Russian
In giving a general review of parts of speech, we have already mentioned some general problems connected with the adverbs. It will be our task now to look to these problems more closely in the compared languages.
We will accept that the definition of the meaning of adverbs which, though not quite satisfactory, enables us to distinguish what is an adverb from what is not in the compared languages. The adverb, then, expresses either the degree of a property, or the property of an action, or the circumstances under which an action takes place.
In adopting this definition, we have not included under adverbs words expressing the speaker's view of the action spoken of in the sentence, and have classed them under modal words. Thus, the words perhaps (возможно, мумкин), maybe (может быть, балки….мумкин) certainly (конечно, албатта), possibly (может быть, мумкин), indeed (действительно, ҳақиқатан ҳам), etc. do not fall under the head of adverbs.
Among the adverbs there are some which admit of degrees of comparison, and others which do not. In mentioning this, we need not go into details, since we can apply here everything that has been said about degrees of comparison of adjectives. Thus, if we do not admit such phrases as more difficult, (the) most difficult to be analytical degrees of comparison of the adjective difficult, we shall not admit, e. g., more quickly and most quickly to be analytical degrees of comparison of the adverb quickly. In that case, in English there would be only two types of degrees of comparison in adverbs: (1) the suffix type, for instance, quickly, quicker, quickest, or fast, faster, fastest, and (2) the suppletive type, represented by a few adverbs, such as well, better, best, or badly, worse, worst with their corresponding translation forms into Uzbek/Russian.
Adverbs may sometimes be preceded by prepositions, which means that they become partly substantivized. This is seen in such phrases as from here, from there, since when, up to now, from nowhere, from everywhere, etc. with their corresponding translations into Uzbek( буердан, у ердан, қачондан бери, ҳозиргача, ҳеч қаердан, ҳар қаердан) or Russian (отсюда, оттуда, начиная с того времени, до настоящего момента, ниоткуда. Отовсюду) .
In the traditional way in the languages compared we can define the adverb as follows. The adverb is one of the primary parts of speech, characterized by its semantics - meaning of "qualitative, quantitative or circumstantial characteristics of actionss, states, processes , qualities or quantities: to do quickly very old, grow slowly, so nice, very much, so many. By form adverbs are changeable, they have grammatical category of degree of comparison, of course not all of them:
Quickly- тез, быстро - more quickly-тезроы, быстрее - most quickly – энгтез, самый быстрый (Аmerican formsmay be: quickly -quicker-slower):
for example: He'll find some place where he can make money quicker.
Get out, quick!
Soon- тез, скоро - sooner -тезроқ-скорее - soonest- тез-орада скорее всего
They function in the sentence as adverbial modifiers to the verb mostly, to the adjectives, to the adverbs and to the adlinks and less nouns: “very afraid”, “ the then secretary”,“very alone”. They are formed according to certain models:
adjective+ly, noun-ways, noun+wise:
slow+ly- аста-медленно-side+ways – четлаб, по краям, clock-wise-соат мили буйича- по часовой стрелке.
clever-ly-ақллиларча- умноhigh +ways–катта йўл билан kitchen-wise- пишир-куйдир кабилида – по кухонному
Adverbs may be semantically devided into:
1) qualitative- hard,-усердно, трудно- огир, куп, well-хоноршо-яхши, fast –бқстро-тез,
2) quantitative- too-жуда -очень, very- очень –жуда. ўта, роса, rather яхшиси,-лучще soтак-шундай, greatly- очень-жуда, ғоят. нихоятда, nearly-деярли, карийиб, почти, quietly-тихо безшумно, utterly слишком, совершенно, ўта, бенихоя, etc.
3) circumstantial: yesterday, tomorrow, before, often, again, once, twice.
(time and place вақт-ва жой) here шу ерда-здесь, there- там, у ерда, upstairs на верху (по этажам), downstairs внизу-пастда, behind зади, ортида, оркасида, etc.
We have adverbs formed of not adjectives or nouns, but of the participles: confusedly ( чалкашлигича, смушенно mockingly- насмешливо- масхаратомуз, brokenly, сломанно- мағлубларча). There are various opinions on the adverb as a part of speech. Some linguists say that adverbs are not separate parts of speech, they are rather close to the adjectives and therefore have to be treated in the adjectival system. They point out that the main difference between the two parts of speech lies in their combinability with the other words. The same we can observe in Uznbek and Russian:
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