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LECTURE 4 (2 hours)
THEME: COMPARATIVE TYPOLOGY OF THE VERB IN MODERN ENGLISH AND UZBEK/RUSSIAN.
Plan:
The verb as a primary part of speech in Modern English and Uzbek/Russian.
The form, meaning and function of the verb in Modern English and Uzbek/Russian.
The structural and semantic types of the verb (simple/ derivative, composite(compound and complex) mixed (heart-felt thanks, double-decked, one –eyed, man-killing, heart-melting, etc,); notional, meaningful, semi-notional, aspectual verbs, terminative verbs, non-terminative, motion verbs, verbs of sense perception, verbs of compultion, etc.
The problem of total number of grammatical categories of the verb in the languages compared.
The grammatical category of person and number in the languages compared.
The grammatical category of tense and mood in the languages compared.
The grammatical category of voice and aspect in the languages compared.
The grammatical category of order (time relation, time correlation) of the English verb and its counterpart in Uzbek and Russian.
Key words:Verb as a primary part of speech, its specific form, meaning and function, problem of total number of grammatical categories of the verb, grammatical category of person, grammatical category number, grammatical category of aspect, grammatical category of tense ,grammatical category of mood ,grammatical category of voice, grammatical category of order, comparative analysis of grammatical categories of the verb, quantitative and qualitative analysis of the grammatical categories of the verb, isomorphic and allomorphic features of the verb in the languages compared,
The course of the lesson:
The Verb as a primary part of speech is relevant to Modern English and Uzbek/Russian. It is characterized by its specific form, meaning and function in the languaged compared.
The problem of total number of grammatical categories of the verb in the languages compared has not still been solved. There are 7 generally accepted grammatical categories of the verb in languages:
The grammatical category of person
The grammatical category number
The grammatical category of tense
The grammatical category of mood
The grammatical category of voice
The grammatical category of aspect in the languages compared.
The grammatical category of order (time relation, time correlation)
Let’s consider the grammatical categories of the English verb and its counterparts in Uzbek and Russian.
Comparative matrix of the grammatical categories of the verb in Modern English and Uzbek/Russian.
№
|
Language
|
Features
|
Person
|
Tense
|
Mood
|
Number
|
Aspect
|
Voice
|
Order
|
Aninateness/
Inanimateness
|
Gender
|
|
English
|
+
|
+ (16)
|
-(3)
|
+
|
+
|
+ (12)
|
+
|
-
|
-
|
|
Uzbek
|
+
|
+ (11)
|
+(6)
|
+
|
+
|
+(4)
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
|
Russian
|
+
|
3
|
+(3)
|
+
|
+
|
+(3)
|
-
|
+
|
+
|
As is seen from the matrix above, there are certain dissimilarities in the grammatical categories of the verb in the languages compared. The most important dissimilarities lie in the category of gender of the verb, which Russian has and English and Uzbek have not, the category of order being peculiar to only English. As we see other categorial features of the verb in the compared languages are more or less alike except for quantitative features of the former.
Hence the categories discussed above differ also quantitatively, that is the number of tenses, for example, in Uzbek and Russian doesn't correspond to that of English which has 16 tenses, where as Uzbek has 11 and Russian-3. This shows that English has more possibilities of expressing tense semantics than the other two languages compared.
It is noteworthy that Russian with its such a poor, undeveloped system of tenses compensates the lack of certain tense forms or distinctions by means of its highly developed system of affixes (prefixes, infixes, postfixes: вычитaть, прочитaть, нaчитaть, пoчитaть, отчитaть, пeрeчитaть) etc. English. as is seen from the extremely elaborated systems of tenses makes almost no use of affixes to express some tenses or temporal meanings, compare: overdo, rewrite, outburst, finish doing, resume talking.
The typological allomorphic features between the languages can be easily seen in the fact that in Russian temporal semantics can be expressed by 3 tense forms (present, past, future mainly by means of prefixes except for Future Tense, and English makes use of 16 tense forms which speaks for analytical typological features of the former, hence analytical tense forming auxiliaries are used (except for present and past indefinite tenses):
is working
was working
will be working
will have done
will have done would have done
had done
has done
had been doing
has been doing
will have been doing
would have been doing, etc.
In the Russian future tense form analytical means (будь, буду, будeшь, будeт, будeм, будут рaботaть) are used though synthetic forms are also possible: приду, уйду, приeду, нaйду, поступишь, покушaeшь etc.
In English the present and past indefinite tense forms are represented by synthetic means particularly by postfixes: translates, comes (in singular), go, work (in plural) translated, worked, came, went although in the English past tense such analytical means as used to-inf, would+inf are also used (just to express repeated, habitual past actions): I used to come to him (I would come to him) every day last year).
In Russian and Uzbek the tense category of the verb needs to be theoretically investigated in order to register all really existing tense types and we are apt to postulate that there should be more tenses (and not only 3 in Russian and 12 in Uzbek) in them like English (with 16 tense types).
The typological features of the compared languages can be well demonstrated in the matrix below:
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