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The course of the lecture:
In the compared languages adjectives are defined as one of the principle, primary parts of speech characterized be the following three main criteria: form, meaning, function.
The form of the adjectives is variable, because they have grammatical category of degree of comparison. Their meaning is that of quality and quantity and they have the following syntactical functions in the sentence: predicative(subjective and objective), subject(when sudstantivized), object (when sudstantivized), attribute, adverbial modifiers, parenthesis, etc.
If we have a look at the morphological composition of the adjectives,. they are are divided into simple, derivative and compound typesinnthe compared languages. Let’s consider them below:.
1. Simple adjectives are adjectives which have neither prefixes nor suffixes. They are indecomposable: e. g. good, red, black.
2. Derivative adjectives are adjectives which have derivative elements, suffixes or prefixes or both: beautiful, foolish, hopeless, unkind, unimportant. Productive adjective-forming suffixes are: -less: friendless, harmless, hopeless -like: childlike -ish: childish, foolish, -ed (-d): beaded, blue-eyed.
Non-productive suffixes are: -fill: careful , able: responsible, predictable, eatable, readable
-able: reliable
-ant: important
-ent: dependent
-en: woollen
-ous: dangerous
-some: troublesome Productive adjective-forming prefixes are:
un-: unhappy
pre-: prewar
The unproductive prefix of the adjective :
in-; incorrect
3. Compound adjectives are adjectives built from two or more roots or stems. The main types of compound adjectives are as follows:
noun-stem + adjective-stem:. snow-white
noun-stem + participle-stem: life-giving, smoke-dried.
adjective-stem + adjective-stem: deaf-mute.
adjective-stem + noun-stem + suffix -ed: cold-hearted.
noun-stem + noun-stem + suffix -ed: lynx-eyed.
numeral-stem + noun-stem + suffix -ed: four-wheeled.
adverb-stem + noun-stem + suffix -ed: over-peopled.
Classification of adjectives.
According to their semantics (meaning) and grammatical characteristics adjectives fall under three classes:
qualitative adjectives
quantitative adjectives
relative adjectives.
1. Qualitative adjectives denote qualities of a substance directly, n^
through its relation to another substance, as size, shape, colour, physical and
mental qualities, qualities of general estimation:
Small -кичик -маленький
large -катта -большой
high -баланд - высокий
soft -юмшоқ - мягкий
hard -оғир - трудный
white -оқ - белый
blue -ҳаворанг - голубой
strong - кучли - сильный
beautiful - чиройли - красивый
important -мухим -важный , etc.
2. Quantitative adjectives denote quantities of substances directly:
many –кўп- много
much- кўп - много
little – оз - мало
3.Relative adjectives denote qualities of a substance through their
relation to :
a) materials:
silken -ипакли -шелковый
woolen -жунли -шертяный
wooden -ёғоч -деревянный
b) time:
monthly –ойлик- месячный
weekly- хафталик - недельный
с) to some action
preparatory- тайёрлов- подготовительный
rotatory- айланма- кругооборотный
Some English qualitative adjectives such as greenish, darkish, incurable, unsuitable, chief, principal, have no degrees of comparison, whereas such Russian and Uzbek adjectives have also the comparative degree:
кўкимтир - кўкимтир-роқ
қизғиш - қизгиш-роқ
қорамтир – қорамтир-роқ
Comparative typology of the three languages under study showed that some adjectives of colour or colour adjectives have not those three traditional forms (positive, comparative and superlative) of degree of comparison, but four: for example:
Blackish- black- blacker-the blackest, redish- red- redder-the reddest
Қизғиш-кизил-қизилроқ-энг кизил
Кўкиш(кўкимтир)-кук – кўкроқ-энг кўк
Черноватый-черный-чернее- самый черный.
зеленоватый – более зеленоватый, более красноватый, etc/.
The first of these degree forms is accordingly called by us regressive degree flowed by positive, comparative and superlative degree forms
Such adjectives as “modern, common, polite, etc, have the two ways of forming degree of comparison, that is they have both synthetic and analytical forms of degree of comparison: compare:
modern-moderner-the modernest or modern-more modern- the most modern
common-commoner - the commonest or common-more common- the most common
In English there are even such adjectives which have no degrees of comparison, but they have one unique form with superlative meaning only : supreme, extreme, extraordinary, super, etc. They are called superlative adjectives in English? Uzbek and Russian don’t have such mixed forms/ .
It is interesting to note that some adjectives have the following forms: “the most outstanding writer” and “a most outstanding writer”/ both being correct ? but translated differently: 1) «известнейший писатель» (within one country) – и «наиизветнейший писатель”( in the world)».
The English qualitative derivative adjectives have certain typical suffixes, such as -ful, -less, -ous, -ent, -able, -y, -ish: careful, careless, dangerous, convenient, comfortable, silvery, watery,whitish, shortish.
In English as different from Uzbek and Russian, there are such forms of adjectives as: two spoonsful, two mouthsful, three handsful odf water.
The Uzbek qualitative derrivative adjectives have the following affixes:
-ли(к) ((чиройли), -сиз (сувсиз), -ий(оилавий, ҳаётий),-хонали (болахонали), “cep-“(серқуёш), “бе- “(беозор), “но-“(нотўғри), etc. (the last three of which are of Persian origin).
The main grammatical characteristics of relative adjectives are:
Relative adjectives have no degrees of comparison.
They do not form adverbs with the suffix -ly.
They have certain typical suffixes, such as -en, -an, -ist, ic, -ical: wooden, Italian, socialist, synthetic, analytical.
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