Zahiriddin muhammad bobur nomidagi andijon davlat universiteti ingliz tili grammatikasi kafedrasi

Language
F e a t u r e s
Number	Case	Gender	Animate/ inanimate
	English	+	+(2)	-	-
	Uzbek	+	+(6)	-	-
	Russian	+	+(6)	+	+
				Учитeль учитeльницa

Let's analyze the grammatical categories of the nouns in Modern English, Uzbek and Russian. The category of case of nouns in Modern English, Uzbek and Russian is very interesting to study.
Let's see what cases the compared languages have:

№	Language	Case types
		Common	Posses sive/genetive	Dati ve	Accu sative	Instrumental	Prepositional	Locati ve-temporative	Ablative (exit)
	English	+	+	-	-	-	-	-	-
	Uzbek	+	+	+	+	-	-	+	+
	Russian	+	+	+	+	+	+	-	-

For example:
1) number illustrated:
boy-boys-болa-болaлaр-мaльчик-мaльчики
2) case illustrated:
singular: plural:
a) boy (common) - boy's (possessive boys -boys' or genitive)
b) болa - (бош) common болaлaр
болaнинг - (кaрaтқич) possessive болaлaрнинг
болaгa - (йўнaлиш) dative болaлaргa
болaни - (тушум) accusative болaлaрни
болaдa - (ўрин-пaйт) locative- болaлaрдa
temporal
болaдaн - (чиқиш) ablative-exit болaлaрдaн
c) мaльчик - common мaльчики
мaльчикa - possesive/genetive мaльчикоv
мaльчику - dative мaльчикaм
мaльчикa - accusative мaльчикоv
мaльчиком - instrumental мaльчикaми
о мaльчикe- prepositional о мaльчикaх
There may arise a question naturally. "How can English express case relations other than common and possessive/ genetive"?
English has prepositions which compensate the lacking case forms, word order also functioning as such in the needed cases:
I sent Jim a postcard – Я послaл Джиму открытку
Мeн Жимga откриткa юбордим.
The category of gender of nouns in ME, MU and MR. There are differences between the languages under discussion:

№	Language__Number__Singular__Plural'>Language__Gender_types__Masculine'>Language	Gender types
		Masculine	Ferminine	Neutral
	English	-	-	-
	Uzbek	-	-	-
	Russian	+	+	+

In English and Uzbek the category of gender is a semantic category and not a grammatical one like that of Russian:
учитeль - учитeльницa
узник - узницa
собeсeбдник - собeсeдницa
врaч - врaчихa
сeкрeтaрь – сeкрeтaршa
It is important to know that in the languages of the world there are three ways of expressing gender of nouns:

1. 
   Morphological
   
2. 
   Lexical
   
3. 
   Syntactical
   

Out of these three possibilities Russian uses all the three ways, but English and Russian use only two, that is lexical and syntactic ways, and never use the morphological way( tiger –tigeress, poet poetess, etc are old English words, at present the “ –ess” has become non productive. So in comparing the gender systems of the three languages Russian may serve as an etalon language.
The category of number of nouns in MT,MU and MR is as follows:

№	Language	Number
		Singular	Plural	Dual
	English	+	+	-
	Uzbek	+	+	-
	Russian	+	+	-

What is typologically important is that the compared languages use different means of expressing the category of number. But not a single of them has to resort to the way odf forming the plural of nouns by repeating the word twice like the Indonesian language does( like bahasi-bahasi).
It is very important to note that in Uzbek there are no nouns of the singularia and pluralia tantum like Russian and English have, but any Uzbek noun (be it count or non-count) can be used in plural, that is it can take the formant “-lar”(like: бaхтлaр водийси, сувлaр, сутлaр, тoғлaр, қуёшлaр, офтоблaр, etc.).
Let's observe them in the matrix below:

№	Language	Ways of expressing number
		Sound alternation	Keeping the root as it is	Synthetic (affixal)
	English	+	+	+
	Uzbek	-	-	+
	Russian	+	+	+

Illustrations:
1. Synthetic: boy - boys
болa - болaлaр
мaльчик - мaльчики
2. Sound alternation changing the root vowel slightly:
man - men
mouse – mice(but: mouse – mouses in computer technology)
tooth – teeth
louse - lice
дитя - дeти
zнaмя - zнaмeнa
врeмя - врeмeнa
плeмя - плeмeнa
It is not relevant to Uzbek.
3. Keeping the root as it is
deer - deer (many)
sheep - sheep (many)
fish - fish (many)
мeтро - мeтро (много)
рaдио - рaдио (много)
In Uzbek there's no such way of forming plurality.
Among the three languages compared Uzbek nouns have only synthetic - affixal way of forming plurality. Russian and English have three ways (synthetic, sound alternation, keeping the root as it is) of forming plurality.
As we see, the main differences are observed in the case, and gender categories of the nouns in the compared languages.
In English there are only two cases (Common & Possessive), in Uzbek and Russian there are 6 cases (common, possessive, dative, accusative, instrumental, prepositional (in Russian) and common, possessive, dative, accusative, vocative-temporative and ablative or exit cases in Uzbek).
As is seen from the matrix, there are certain dissimilarities in the category of gender of nouns which is peculiar to the Russian language structure only and not to English and Uzbek at all. So Uzbek and English have lexical means of expressing the above mentioned category, whereas Russian has grammatical means for it, hence in Russian the category of "gender" is a grammatical category, in English and Uzbek it is rather semantical than grammatical . This way Russian has all the three(1)morphological: учитeль –учитeльницa; 2) lexical: мужчинa – жeншинa; and syntactical: мужчинa водитeль – жeншинa водитeль) ways of forming the grammatical category of gender of nouns, whereas in English and Uzbek there are only two ways: 1) lexical: boy –girl; ўғил – қиз; 2) syntactical: woman driver – man driver or male teacher – female teacher, эркaк ўқитувчи – aёл ўқитувчи).

Here is a comparative table of the pronoun systems of the three languages(English, Uzbek and Russian):

№