Tertium Organum



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Tertium-Organum-by-P-D-Ouspensky

metageometry. 
Lobachevsky does not go outside the sphere of three dimensions. 
Metageometry regards the sphere of three dimensions as a 
section
of higher 
space. Among the mathematicians, Riemann came closest of all to this idea, 
for he understood the relation of time to space. 
A point of three-dimensional space is a section of a metageometrical line. 
The lines metageometry deals with cannot be generalized on any surface. 
This last may be of the greatest importance for the definition of the difference 
between geometry (both Euclidean and non-Euclidean) and metageometry.
Metageometrical lines cannot be regarded as distances between points in our 
space; neither can we imagine them as forming any figures in our space. 
The examination of the possible properties of lines lying outside our space, 
their angles, and the relations of these lines and angles to the lines, angles, 
surfaces and solids of our geometry constitutes the subject of 
metageometry.
Students of non-Euclidean geometry could not bring themselves to 
relinquish the surface. There is something really tragic in this. See what 
surfaces Lobachevsky invented in his investigations of the 11th Euclidean 
postulate (about parallel lines, or about angles formed by a line intersecting 
two parallel lines). One of his surfaces 
resembles the surface of the blades of 
a ventilator;*
another, the inner surface of a funnel. Yet he could not bring
himself to abandon the 
* Roberto Bonola, 
Non-Euclidean Geometry. 


surface completely, to cast it away once and for all, and imagine that a line 
need not 
necessarily be on a surface, 
i.e. that a series of lines, parallel or almost parallel, cannot 
be generalized on any surface, not even in three-dimensional space. This explains why, 
in creating non-Euclidean geometry, he, and a great many other geometricians, were 
unable to get out of the three-dimensional world. 
Mechanics recognize a 
line in time, 
i.e. a line which cannot in any possible way be 
visualized on a surface, or as the distance between two points in space. This line is 
taken into account in calculations dealing with machinery. But geometry never had 
anything to do with this line, but 
always only
with its sections. 
Now we may return to the question, 'what is space?' and see whether an answer to this 
question has been found. 
An exact definition and explanation of the 
three-dimensionality
of space as a 
phenomenon of the world would be an answer. 
But there is no such answer. As an objective phenomenon, the 
three-dimensionality 
of
space remains as mysterious and incomprehensible as before. In relation to three­
dimensionality it is necessary: 
either to accept it as a 
datum 
and add this datum to the two data we established before; 
or to admit the incorrectness of this whole objective method of reasoning and return to 
the other method, indicated at the outset. 
Then, starting from the two fundamental data -
the world
and 
consciousness —
it 
will be necessary to establish whether three-dimensional space is a 
property of the 
world
or a 
property of our perception of the world. 
Having started with Kant, who asserts that space is the 
property of the perception of 
the world by our consciousness,
I purposely turned away from this idea and considered 
space as a 
property of the world. 
With Hinton, I admitted the surmise that our space bears within itself the conditions 
which allow us to establish its relations to higher space, and on the basis of this surmise 
I built a whole series of analogies which made clear to us certain things about the 
questions of space and time and their mutual relations. But, as has already been said, 
they did not explain anything concerning the main question of the 

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