new word. If the speaker designates
different
objects by the same word or sound, it
means either that, in his opinion, it is one and the same object, or that he calls by the
same
name objects
known
to be different. In either case it is very difficult to understand
him. And speech of this kind cannot serve as an example of clear speech. For instance,
if a child calls a tree by a certain sound or word, having in mind only
that tree,
and
being in complete ignorance of other trees, then any new tree he sees he will call by
another word, or he will take it for the same tree. The speech in which 'words'
correspond to
representations, consists, as it were, of proper names; it has no generic
nouns yet. Moreover, not only nouns, but verbs, adjectives and adverbs also have the
character of 'proper names', i.e. names applicable only to the
given
action, the
given
quality, the
given
characteristic.
The appearance of words of
general meaning
indicates the appearance of concepts
in the mind.
Speech consists of words; every word expresses a concept. A concept and a word
are really the same thing, only the one (the concept) stands, as it were, for the inner
aspect, while the other (the word) for the outer aspect. Or, according to Dr Bucke (the
author
of the book
Cosmic Consciousness
about which I shall have much to say later),
the word,
(i.e.
the concept)
is the
algebraic
sign of a thing.
It has been noticed thousands of times that the brain of a thinking man does not
exceed in size the brain of a non-thinking wild man in anything like the proportion in
which the mind of the thinker exceeds the mind of the savage. The reason is that the
brain of Herbert Spencer has very little more work to do than has the brain of a native
Australian, for this reason, that Spencer does all his characteristic mental work by
signs or counters which stand
for concepts, while the savage does all or nearly all his
by means of cumbersome recepts. The savage is in a position comparable to that of an
astronomer who makes his calculations by arithmetic, while Spencer is in the position
of one who makes them by algebra. The first will fill many great sheets of paper with
figures and go through immense labour; the other will make the same calculations on
an envelope and with comparatively little mental work.*
In our speech words express concepts or ideas. Ideas are broader concepts; they are
not a group sign for similar representations, but embrace groups of dissimilar
representations, or even
groups of concepts.
Thus an idea
is a complex or an abstract
concept.
In addition to the simple sensations of the sense organs - colour, sound, touch, smell
and taste; in addition to simple emotions of
* R. M. Bucke,
Cosmic Consciousness, a Study in the Evolution of the Human
Mind,
Innes & Sons, Philadelphia, 1905, p. 12.
pleasure, displeasure, joy, fear,
surprise, astonishment, curiosity, laughter,
anger and many others, there proceed in our consciousness series of complex
sensations and higher (complex) emotions -
moral emotion, aesthetic emotion
and religious emotion. The content of emotional experiences, even of the
simplest, to say nothing of those which are complex, can never be wholly
fitted
into concepts or ideas and, therefore, can never be correctly and exactly
expressed in words. Words can only hint at it or lead to it. The interpretation
of emotional experiences and
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