Variant – 1 Three basic concepts of science.

VARIANT – 8 
1. 
Introduction of scientific work.
 
(definition)
 
2. 
Substyles of scientific style.
 
(give short information about each of them)
 
3. 
Write keywords and abstract for the following article: 
Language is a mirror of national customs, values, traditions. The language of any nation is first 
and foremost a testament to its past and culture. When learning a foreign language, along with 
the language, we need to study the way of life, mentality, worldview, culture of the people. 
Therefore, in recent times, scientists and political scientists have been drawing attention to the 
specificity of the value of cultural and civilizational differences between peoples. 
Sociopragmatic and linguo-cultural study of language units, which are one of the main carriers 
of ethnocultural values, has become one of the main directions of modern linguistics.
Euphemistic units are multifaceted phenomena, which allows them to be classified differently 
on the basis of each sign. After all, individual speech-specific euphemisms are a combination 
of linguistic and non-linguistic factors, and only the generalization of the results obtained on 
the basis of these factors allows to determine the individual nature of each euphemism, as well 
as individual idiolect euphemisms. Below we divide the classification features of 
speechspecific euphemisms into two major groups: 1) verbal signs; 2) non-verbal characters. 
According to American linguist R. Adams, euphemism is not just a collection of linguistic 
expressions. According to the researcher, euphemisms consist of a large number of nonverbal 
signals. Nonverbal signals include a hotel that does not have an “unlucky” room 13, such as 
floor numbering.
Classification based on linguistic signs is based on thematic, semantic, formal, methodological 
features of euphemistic units.
Classification based on nonlinear signs, on the other hand, takes into account the external 
factors that occur in the dialectical unit in the speech occurrence of euphemistic units. These 
include pragmatic factors related to speech conditions and situation, along with purely 
linguistic factors such as the worldview, level, positive or negative image of the speaker and 
listener, gender, age. The implicit appearances of euphemisms also evoke the impression that 
they are of a non-linguistic nature. However, since the value of the implicit euphemism is 
perceived on the basis of the original term of the denotation, it is preferable to consider it also 
as a linguistic means.
Euphemisms are a moving layer of the vocabulary of any language - in fact new units of this 
phenomenon appear every day. Many authors who have studied the phenomenon of 
euphemism have tried to classify these units. Types of classification vary depending on the 
basis of the classification. L.P. Krysin divides euphemisms into the following thematic groups:

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Discrimination-related euphemisms: racial, cultural, religious, gender-related euphemisms. 
Euphemisms for scary and unpleasant events: death, illness, natural needs, physical 
disabilities, mental and emotional disorders;
Euphemisms related to the impact of the state on people's lives: military action, social ills 
(alcoholism, drug addiction, prostitution, crime, lying), poverty, unpopular occupations, 
family, government agencies, dismissal, winter failure.;
Euphemisms denoting the appearance and age of a person: weight, age, height;
Euphemisms for human impact on flora and fauna;
Funny euphemisms;
Diplomatic euphemisms; 
Euphemisms in the language of advertising (Krysin, 1994) 
Also noteworthy is the thematic classification of AM Katsev, in which ten lexical categories 
are distinguished by conceptual areas: - euphemisms for the names of supernatural forces; - 
euphemisms for the names of the concepts of death and disease; - euphemisms for flaws and 
shortcomings; - euphemisms for the genital area; - euphemisms for poverty; - euphemisms for 
certain professions; - euphemisms for mental and physical disabilities; - euphemisms in the 
field of physiology; - Names of clothing items (Katsev, 1988). 
An analysis of English-language media texts has shown that euphemisms are divided into areas 
of application: euphemisms related to disease, death, politics and economics, as well as 
traditional topics aimed at preventing various forms of discrimination. Most of the 
euphemisms considered have been formed using methods such as generalization and 
metaphorization, as well as meaning expansion. In modern linguistics, two main points can be 
distinguished on the interpretation of the term “euphemism”. In the narrow sense, the term 
"euphemism" is associated with the mechanism of substituting a forbidden word or phrase. In a 
broad sense, it means "covering up", "hiding" and "masking" a concept that is considered 
unacceptable. 

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