VARIANT – 1
1.
Three basic concepts of science. (give short information about each of them)
2.
Scientific classification. (definition)
3.
Write keywords and abstract for the following article:
Language plays an important role in the development of society. The main
feature that
distinguishes humanity from other beings is also language. With his own language, a person is
able to convey to the addressee what he perceives. This process happens very often in a few
seconds. This phenomenon is also studied by the science of cognition. This science is a science
that emerged at the intersection of several disciplines, and the date of its emergence as a
science is recorded as September 11, 1956.
Cognitology is
closely related to philosophy, psychology, artificial intelligence, neurology,
linguistics, and anthropology. The main object of research in this science is the study of human
and cognitive activity. The role of the "intermediate language" in this process is unique, said
the famous anthropologist Yu.N.Karaulov in his scientific theories and conducted various
studies. According to him, "intermediate language is formed in
the process of intellectual
activity and its linguistic manifestation, and takes place in the specific language space between
sound, external speech and the brain."
But the "intermediate language" he proposed had the same problem: The intermediate
language had no dictionary form, making it difficult to distinguish it materially. According to
Karaulov, the use of the term "sign means" in relation to the thought process is incorrect. He
wrote about it in his book “Русский язык и языковая личность”.
Russian anthropologist included to the “intermediate language” the following units: “image”,
“gestalt”, “scheme”, “frame”, “proposition”, “picture”, “symbol”, “formula”, “diagram”,
“word” and etc. Although these molded units differ in form, they are "boxes" that hold pieces
of information that are collected and stored in the human mind. From these boxes, we will
make a cognitive analysis of some of the research languages - English and
Uzbek euphemisms
- using the structural unit "Scenario":
The socio-political changes that have taken place in our society in the past are closely linked
with the development of our society. As a result of these changes, humanity's pursuit of
perfection is observed, which serves as a beacon of greatness. A person uses his language
effectively in carrying out the activities assigned to him in society. Human speech, on the other
hand, is governed by moral standards.
A mature person, on the other hand, participates in
speech processes in accordance with these ethical and cultural norms. The use of certain words
and phrases is prohibited or replaced with other words and phrases in order to enhance the
culture of speech. The use of words and phrases instead of words that are morally or culturally
forbidden or considered unethical is called "euphemism". According to English linguist
Rawson, euphemisms are powerful linguistic tools that are “so
deeply ingrained in our
language that even those who are proud of our shortcomings, even our outspokenness, will
miss a day without using them” (Linfoot- Ham, 2005, 228). The
need for euphemism is both
social and emotional, as it allows discussion of forbidden topics (such as sex, personal
appearance, or religion) and acts as a pressure valve while maintaining a cultural appearance
(Linfoot-Ham, 2005).
There are general and specific aspects of the use of euphemisms in
the two language cultures
under study, and we have selected general euphemisms for our analysis. When the health of
our loved ones is deteriorating, we use other milder variants in our speech instead of the word
"sick" in order not to hurt their hearts and to give them confidence in order to heal faster.
Euphemisms used in place of the word "sick" in English:
- Indisposed
- Health reasons
- To feel unwell
- To suffer from discomfort
- To suffer from an uncomfortable physical condition
Euphemisms for the word "sick" in Uzbek:
- Betob
- Bemor
- Mazasi yo’q
- Mazasi
qochmoq
- Tobi yomonlashib qolmoq
All of these euphemisms are a softened version of the "sick" concept. We carry out our
cognitive analysis using the "Scenario" structural template. So what is a "scenario"? - The
scenario is the illustration of the interrelated facts inherent in a typical event in the form of a
model form that reflects their coherence.
These concepts were first introduced to the science of cognition by linguists R. Shenk and R.
Abelson in the field of artificial intelligence. In their comments on the "scenario": - Scenarios
are used as the main means of showing the sequence of events, their interconnectedness.
Scenarios consist of "slots", which show the role, goals and actions of the participants. A slot
is a small piece of content.
What if this scenario happened to a living person who had not encountered it at least once in
his life? As soon as we hear that someone is "sick", this process is reflected in our thinking. In
conclusion, these small "slots" that unite the
scenarios are one and the same, so that we can get
information about how the "patient" claims his illness or vice versa. Through this cognitive
structure, we can accelerate the process of perceiving in our minds the events that take place
around us. New information is "accepted" without any hassle.
