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VARIANT – 4
1.
Five varieties of speech styles. (give short information about each of them)
2.
Scientific problem. (definition)
3.
Write keywords and abstract for the following article:
One of the main features of experimental research is conducting experiments on speech
perception, i.e. perceptual (from Lat. perception "perception") experiments. “Speech
perception” thus refers to the set of operations that transform an auditory signal into
representations of a form that makes contact with internally stored information – that is, the
stored words in a listener’s mental lexicon.
Speech perception is considered in psychology and physiology of speech, in psycholinguistics
and psychology of speech, it is also an integral part of experimental phonetics. This is stated in
the linguistic encyclopedic dictionary as follows: "Speech perception is in experimental and
general phonetics a set of mechanisms that ensure the transition from the primary phonetic
description of a sound or a sound sequence to its interpretation as a certain unit of the language
system. In this regard, the perceptual correlates of supra-segmental units (stress, intonation),
which are used in the perception of sound units of different levels, are investigated". The
modern stage of the development of linguistics is characterized by an increased interest in the
problem of studying various aspects of sounding speech. One of the promising areas that have
recently attracted linguists, is perceptual phonetics, which studies the peculiarities of
perception of foreign language speech. Human perception is a complex process of receiving
and processing information. Scientists note a number of differences that exist between the
perception of written and spoken speech. In the process of reading, it is possible to control the
rate of information receipt and segment the incoming signal, which seems impossible when
perceiving the message by ear.
Difficulties of perception can arise not only because of the nature of a different sound of
segmental speech (sound - syllable - word), but also at a super-segmental level (division into
syntagmatic, logical stress and verbal stress). While the situation or context often helps native
speakers in perceiving a particular language reality, listeners for whom the sounding speech is
not native rely mainly on the phonetic component. Thus, any deviations from the
pronunciation norm will interfere with the perception of information by those for whom
English is not their native language.
It is known that in English words can vary in sound depending on whether they are
pronounced in the flow of speech or isolated. Interconnected sound combinations are
pronounced in the speech stream- the articulation of any sound is influenced by the articulation
of neighboring sounds, i.e. it is subject to co-articulation. There are no pauses in coherent
speech that correspond to the intervals of written speech. As a rule, pauses in speech are used
not between two words following each other, but between groups of words that can be
considered one phonetic segment. Such a combination of sounds, pronounced by native
speakers, is deciphered through the situation and with the help of standard phrases.
It should be noted that when conducting a perceptual-auditory experiment, sounds, isolated
words, words in the speech stream, etc. can act as the studied material. It depends on the
purpose and purpose of the study. But in general, if we talk about the technique of preparing
and conducting a perceptual audit experiment, all the above requirements should be observed.
Sum up, the features of the perception of speech sounds by the human hearing organ is
examined by auditory phonetics, in particular by perceptual-auditory experiment. It is designed
to answer the questions about what sound properties are essential for human perception of
speech (for example, for recognizing a given phoneme), taking into account the changing
acoustic and articulatory characteristics of speech signals, that is, what are the perceptual
correlates of relevant (essential) features of phonemes and prosodies. There is a consideration
that people in the process of perceiving sounding speech extract information not only from the
acoustic properties of the utterance but also from the linguistic context and communication
situation, predicting the general meaning of the perceived message.
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