‘This is a wonderful book that should be on the desk of every architect and planner. It shows how


How do science and technology roadmapping differ in terms of goals?



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How do science and technology roadmapping differ in terms of goals?
Technology roadmapping usually has a specific goal in mind, like advancing a specific production 
technology. Science roadmapping has generally been applied to advance a whole field, research 
programme or area of potential discovery. In ‘pure’ research and innovation, after all, the exact 
destinations or research outcomes cannot and should not be always fully anticipated beforehand.
The goal of a science roadmap process could, for example, be to improve the field of sustainability 
research in general. That is, it can highlight gaps in research or the need to create links between 
different scientific disciplines or ‘silos’, in order to foster more innovation. Interestingly, students 
of the evolution of scientific knowledge have found that many of the necessary events that 
had to occur before the adoption of a new system (eg patents, scientific discoveries) actually 
happened coincidentally, not by planning and mapping. Non-mission-related events occurring 
elsewhere aided other areas of scientific progress by serendipity. Yet this is one of the benefits that
trans-disciplinary cross-fertilization can foster. This also raises the distinction that is often made 
between ‘push’ and ‘pull’ forms of roadmapping to stimulate innovation.
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‘Push’ often refers to 


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investment (or environmental taxes) by governments in innovation, or ‘supply’, such as grants. ‘Pull’ 
refers to market incentives or policies that create ‘demand’, such as the requirement that industry 
source a percentage of its power from renewables.
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Which strategies, pull or push, are best suited for fostering eco-innovations?
Pushing an innovation agenda or pulling specific types of innovations can both be part of a roadmap 
aimed at reaching a target, such as the decarbonization of industry. For example, a roadmap could 
find the quickest route to ‘pull’ eco-innovations onto the market, such as a carbon tax or full-cost 
pricing. Alternatively, a science roadmap could assist a research plan, or find steps required to solve 
a technical problem in order to ‘push’ a scientific agenda, such as sponsoring renewable energy 
incubators. Investment in ‘directed’ research has generally been found to lead to adoption more 
quickly than ‘undirected’ research. Applied science is therefore seen as more effective in fostering 
new scientific advances (despite the serendipity factor noted above). However, most environmental 
policy seems to be directed at creating market incentives that favour high-tech (patentable) 
products
over the application of natural 
solutions
. That is to say, the goal is a pre-established one. In this 
case, roadmapping can only help identify when and where resources might be applied at particular 
intersections to create shortcuts along the route to the desired end-point. But where the end-point is a 
new ‘higher order’ one – like democracy, equity and ecology – we need to create new kinds of 
contexts
altogether. This requires the design of new kinds of institutions and biophysical environments: not just 
push or pull, but direct transformation. And, again, transformation requires design. In roadmapping, 
however, the design or innovation process itself is generally a ‘black box’. There is relatively little in 
the academic literature on understanding or creating the conditions for creativity itself, other than 
through encouraging cooperative processes among experts. 

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