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So does the metabolism concept provide a good model for development?



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Positive Development From Vicious Circles to V

So does the metabolism concept provide a good model for development?
Not the way we currently apply the concept of metabolism to industrial and urban systems.
Environmentalists worked hard to convince people that there are limits to natural resources – as of 
course there are. In so doing, however, they have inadvertently contributed to the belief that nature, 
and our relationship with nature, is always zero sum. Even though the concept of ‘metabolism’ has 
proven useful in thinking holistically about urban and industrial systems, it can limit our imagination.
With the inherited emphasis on negative impacts, for example, we have primarily used metabolic 
studies to compare what goes into a system and what comes out. So when used as a basis for design, 
the aim has consequently been just to reduce or recycle waste (eg industrial ecology). This metabolic 
metaphor emphasizes the lean, mean attributes of nature or its ultimate limits. But instead of 
visualizing nature as a competitive struggle, we could just as easily depict it as moving towards ever 
more complexity, variety and 
abundance
(in between cataclysms of course). For example, nature 
produces enormous surpluses that can be captured without destroying ecosystems. And nature works 
virtually for free if treated well. It can even supply billions of microscopic unpaid workers on demand.
Thus our ‘social Darwinist’ conception of nature prevents us from conceiving of built environments 
that are ‘ecologically positive’. Metabolism may inspire the design of relatively no-waste development 
systems – but not systems that 
add value
to the human and natural environment.
If nature were seen as cornucopian, wouldn’t that create unrealistic optimism?
It would be more constructive than our present conception. Our view of nature encourages unhealthy 
‘survivalist’ attitudes. Biological systems are harsh and unforgiving in some respects, but they can 
also
be seen as net positive. For example, fish produce thousands of eggs so that some will survive.
‘Surpluses’ are an integral part of their survival strategy. So nature is both mean and generous. In 
fact, productive natural systems were largely able to replace the goods that were extracted for human 
use – until the last few thousand years. Since then, societies that overpopulated and/or overexploited 
their environment have collapsed. Early humans and other species generally ‘cropped’ nature without 
clearing it. Elephants and gorillas, for example, often follow a circuit to allow natural systems to 
recover from their grazing. However, systems analogous to grazing should not be confused with 
‘sustainable’. Sustainable development has yet to be invented. ‘Sustainable yield’ is often code for 
‘how much we can extract from the environment’ via industrialized systems, aided by chemicals and 
technology. Carrying capacity has usually been defined as the population of humans or other species 
that a natural area can support, without reducing its ability to support that species into the future. In 
a sense, therefore, carrying capacity has been conceived of as the ‘interest’. As environmentalists have 
long pointed out, however, we are now living off the capital rather than the interest. What has not been 
appreciated is that it is now necessary to increase natural capital, not just live within limits. The central 


69
Development Standards and Criteria
insight offered by this book, then, is that urban development could 
create
natural capital: a ‘surplus’ 
of renewable resources provided by natural systems – plants, soil, air, water, food and fibres.

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