Aren’t there already zero waste programmes that address these issues?
There are growing numbers of government jurisdictions that have ‘zero waste’ policies. Canberra
was reputedly the first city to adopt such a policy, but has quietly dropped this goal. New Zealand
as a nation now has a zero waste policy. However, when governments talk about zero waste, they
just mean ‘no waste to landfill’. But landfill represents a small fraction of waste: about 6 per cent of
materials used in resource extraction and production reach the consumer. Most of this is disposed of
within a few months of purchase.
14
Some argue that ‘true’ zero waste, let alone Positive Development,
is impossible due to ‘entropy’. However, in a realistic timescale (say, during the period that humans
have been on Earth), social and environmental ‘disorder’ have been due to physical and institutional
design, not entropy. The sun will not run out of energy for the foreseeable future. In any case, we
are currently closer to 100 per cent waste than 0 per cent waste. The rubbery use of the term ‘zero
waste’ as waste to landfill also reinforces the concept of waste as something that only occurs during
production or after a product is purchased. While consumption and design issues are inseparable, the
focus on consumer behaviour implies that society has to change behaviour first. This has provided a
good excuse for buck-passing by industry and inaction by regulators. But consumers do not design
the systems that result in waste, toxins and inequity [Box 19]. They can opt to have fewer possessions,
boycott specific products or even have fewer children, but they cannot ‘choose’ products that have
not yet been designed. In fact, they have little say over what is on the shelf, how it got there or what
fashions will come down the pipeline next year. After all, consumers demand services, not waste.
Does this mean that recycling approaches are a waste of time?
Absolutely not. Although post-consumer waste recycling is an ‘end-of-pipe’ approach, its economic
value should not be underestimated. For example, the California recycling and waste management
industry accounts for 85,000 jobs, generates $4 billion in salaries and sales, and produces $10 billion
worth of goods and services annually. In one year the industry saves enough energy to power 1.4
million California homes, reduces water pollution by 27,047 tons, saves 14 million trees, reduces
air pollution by 165,142 tons and reduces greenhouse gas emissions equivalent to removing 3.8
million cars from the road.
15
In the built environment, the opportunities for resource savings are
also impressive. Recycling creates jobs and profits, and saves money and resources, while reducing
public hazards and business risks.
16
Many waste audit tools, waste training programmes, model
waste reduction contracts, and waste management plans, guidelines and strategies are now available
to aid councils, designers and builders in generating efficiencies during construction.
17
Nonetheless,
most recycling programmes address only post-consumer waste, a tiny fraction of the waste entailed
in materials extraction and processing products. While economical, recycling has little impact on
total resource flows. Likewise, ‘cleaner production’ and ‘eco-efficiency’ processes aim only to reduce
waste and toxins, not net resource consumption.
18
Hence, these processes only slow the rate of toxins
accumulating in the environment. The future success of recycling will depend upon front-of-pipe
strategies such as financing, product design, collection and processing infrastructure, and end-markets
[Box 50]. We can ‘close loops’ in the construction industry by ensuring construction by-products are
converted to resources and not wastes. But we also need to develop building prototypes that use far
fewer materials and energy in relation to the functions and services that they provide. Fortunately, the
design professions are in a privileged position to reduce resource consumption and create meaningful
consumer choices. We may not be able to control how people use buildings or products, but we can
design them so that conservation comes naturally and creates a higher quality of life.
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Positive Development
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