Why is waste an important issue, and how does design affect waste?
Environmental management initially focused on pollution, rather than ‘non-toxic’ waste. But both
forms of waste created by construction and demolition result in significant negative impacts.
3
For
example, construction, renovation and demolition waste can account for up to 80 per cent of landfill
by weight and up to 44 per cent by volume – some of it leaching toxic chemicals. Further, up to 50 per
cent of ‘packaging’ waste has been attributed to construction.
4
Such waste and inefficiency also costs
money. For example, the Australian government’s research organization, CSIRO (Commonwealth
Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation), estimates that efficiencies in the construction
industry could create a 10 per cent reduction in construction costs and lead to a 3 per cent growth in
GDP.
5
While construction represents only around 10 per cent of GDP, its design largely determines
the amount of
upstream
resource consumption and emissions in mining, forestry, transport and
manufacturing. Waste has generally been regarded as a problem that emerges at the end of the pipe.
However, waste is ‘designed in’ long before products reach the construction site or building user.
For instance, only 5 to 15 per cent of a tree ends up in wood products, with the conversion of logs to
structural timber being roughly 30 per cent. This means the specification of more efficient products
like ‘radial sawn timbers’ can generate ‘compound savings’ upstream in the forest.
6
But upstream waste
figures do not reflect how the design of environments and artefacts can lock society into patterns of
consumption
downstream
that perpetuate waste for decades.
Doesn’t waste depend more on behaviour than systems design?
There is nothing inevitable about waste. If it can be used as a resource for productive purposes, it is
arguably no longer ‘waste’. As Bill McDonough has observed, there is no waste in nature, because
‘waste = food’.
7
Waste is instead produced by the
systems
that humans design, especially industrialized,
fossil fuel-driven construction, manufacturing, transport and agriculture. The built environment has
been estimated at three billion tons per annum, or over 40 per cent of materials worldwide.
8
To get an
idea of the scale of waste involved, the UK construction industry annually consumes more than 400
million tons of materials and generates over 100 million tons of waste, with around 30 million tons
ending up as construction waste going straight to landfill.
9
Construction and demolition waste in the
US has been estimated at over twice that amount.
10
Clearly, we need to move beyond ‘reduce, reuse
and recycle’ to a major ‘rethink’ of the end products of design.
11
Our design methods, concepts and
criteria need to catch up with the growing perception that all waste is harmful, not just the poisons,
like mercury and dioxins, that are accumulating in the food chain, the environment and human
body.
12
For example, as Hardin Tibbs noted, carbon dioxide is a naturally occurring compound,
but in the quantities that are being released, it can alter our climate, sea levels and biodiversity, and
therefore wreak havoc on the economy.
13
A zero waste economy will thus require radically different
kinds of building prototypes, urban design principles and policies.
65
Development Standards and Criteria
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