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Can we address equity and access issues while increasing urban density?



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Positive Development From Vicious Circles to V

Can we address equity and access issues while increasing urban density?
Some research has indicated that compact cities do 
not
necessarily promote greater on-ground access 
or equity. The benefits of high-density urban areas are often counterbalanced by negative equity 
effects. ‘Mixed uses’ in central urban areas are widely considered to have ‘positive’ equity impacts, 
but the research is inconclusive, and it would be hard to separate out other contributing variables.
58
Re-urbanization and re-development of derelict land or buildings – called intensification – has 
generally been associated with increased equity. However, this could be partly due to the optimism 


59
Sustainable Urban Form
and opportunity that tends to accompany any physical re-generation. Further, research data based 
on existing conditions and relationships tends to reinforce options that already exist, rather than 
encourage the exploration of new design strategies. In one study, the 
negative
aspects of compact 
urban living were found to be (in descending order of importance) less domestic living space, lack of 
affordable housing, poor access to green space, increased crime levels and a higher death rate from 
respiratory disease. The 
positive
aspects were found to be (also in descending order of importance) 
improved public transport use, lower death rate from mental illness and reduced social segregation.
We could design new options that capture these good qualities, without the bad, through design.
This can be done with or without increasing density. 
Can we improve the wellbeing of the poor in relative terms by design? 
Yes. Design can at least improve the relative position of the poor by improved public amenity (in 
the absence of economic solutions). For example, we could redirect investment to public spaces and 
land uses that both rich and poor people can feel comfortable using, rather than providing more 
luxurious units. Remedial measures – greater scope for walking and cycling, better job opportunities 
for the lower skilled, and better access to facilities – could be achieved in low- and/or high-density 
environments. Once again, instead of creating shorter work–home distances to encourage people 
to ‘walk for their health’ in polluted and congested environments, or cycle on dangerous, congested 
streets, we could create more places to exercise that are safe and attractive in their own right. The 
design, size, variety and quality of the public estate offer more direct, low-risk means of increasing 
equity, access and quality of life quality than density. In practice, consolidation usually means design 
that divides, privatizes and zones space into separate spaces and properties. It seldom adds value to 
the public estate. It uses space inefficiently from an ecological perspective, and can prevent future 
development options, wildlife habitats, nature corridors and access to public facilities. Tall buildings
for example, reduce solar access and create wind tunnel effects over a large area, even when the 
skyscrapers are green.
59
Instead of focusing on density, we could look at the amount of ecological, 
social, spatial and solar resources we can add by more clever use of space. To do this, we need different 
criteria [Box 15].

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