How do we turn linear rural–urban resource flows into symbiotic ones?
This requires the integration of science, humanities and design in a process we are calling SmartMode.
We have suggested that a flows analysis can help sectoral interests appreciate their shared interests
in better regional systems design. For example, it can demonstrate that linear resource flows are not
sustainable (socially, economically or ecologically) for either urban or rural interests. It can show
current inequities and imbalances, identify ‘new’ ecological problems before their impacts are felt, and
measure the effectiveness of solutions [Box 31]. But flows analyses alone cannot tell us how to increase
ecological health and to ‘design’ regional and urban systems as one symbiotic system. On the other
hand, terminal resource flows, as indicators of design failure, are also a good indicator of economic
opportunities. We have seen that even waste can be reduced and recycled, while generating profits
and reducing some relative impacts of existing systems of development. Theoretically, in a market
economy, this level of eco-innovation should happen
without
the need for government subsidies.
This is because reuse and recycling are inherently more efficient than industrial mechanisms where
materials must initially be extracted from nature. The opportunities for private companies should
therefore be enough to drive marginal systems improvements. But while markets should drive
efficiencies, they often simply shift benefits and burdens. As we saw, developer exactions, whether
in city planning or eco-service trading systems, still allow increased negative impacts overall [Chapter
11]. This is still the case in carbon trading as well.
So which can best drive systems transformation: planning or the market?
Some advocates of markets argue that pollution creates a market for pollution-reduction technology,
so markets can solve the problems that they create. However, in a market system, things have to
be pretty bad before it is ‘profitable’ to clean them up. Until then, the taxpayer pays most of the
costs for medical care and pollution control (another vicious cycle). From a glance at the shelves of
most shops, there still appear to be more ecologically harmful or inherently wasteful products being
generated than positive ones. Take, for example, the proliferation of processed high sugar, high
fat foods. These have created a new market in ‘low fat’ products. Yet high sugar, high fat products
are also still multiplying. Likewise, the market on its own will never regenerate a city beyond the
condition that existed before harmful development systems were created in the first place. Nor will
the market ever support a reduction in population and/or consumption. Efficiency measures can
be restorative of ecosystems by removing some of the causes of damage, but they will only be net
positive by accident (or to attract higher prices). In the meantime, many ‘efficient’ innovations can
be suboptimal. Many inventions are still anti-ecological and can, in effect, delay the transition to
whole systems improvements. The most efficient design from the perspective of a business seeking a
market advantage may mean more investment in a largely dysfunctional system. We can only create
Positive Development by
design
. The public therefore needs to set priorities and guide public, if not
private, investment in systems re-design.
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Positive Development
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