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How do we turn linear rural–urban resource flows into symbiotic ones?



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Positive Development From Vicious Circles to V

How do we turn linear rural–urban resource flows into symbiotic ones?
This requires the integration of science, humanities and design in a process we are calling SmartMode.
We have suggested that a flows analysis can help sectoral interests appreciate their shared interests 
in better regional systems design. For example, it can demonstrate that linear resource flows are not 
sustainable (socially, economically or ecologically) for either urban or rural interests. It can show 
current inequities and imbalances, identify ‘new’ ecological problems before their impacts are felt, and 
measure the effectiveness of solutions [Box 31]. But flows analyses alone cannot tell us how to increase 
ecological health and to ‘design’ regional and urban systems as one symbiotic system. On the other 
hand, terminal resource flows, as indicators of design failure, are also a good indicator of economic 
opportunities. We have seen that even waste can be reduced and recycled, while generating profits 
and reducing some relative impacts of existing systems of development. Theoretically, in a market 
economy, this level of eco-innovation should happen 
without
the need for government subsidies.
This is because reuse and recycling are inherently more efficient than industrial mechanisms where 
materials must initially be extracted from nature. The opportunities for private companies should 
therefore be enough to drive marginal systems improvements. But while markets should drive 
efficiencies, they often simply shift benefits and burdens. As we saw, developer exactions, whether 
in city planning or eco-service trading systems, still allow increased negative impacts overall [Chapter 
11]. This is still the case in carbon trading as well.
So which can best drive systems transformation: planning or the market?
Some advocates of markets argue that pollution creates a market for pollution-reduction technology, 
so markets can solve the problems that they create. However, in a market system, things have to 
be pretty bad before it is ‘profitable’ to clean them up. Until then, the taxpayer pays most of the 
costs for medical care and pollution control (another vicious cycle). From a glance at the shelves of 
most shops, there still appear to be more ecologically harmful or inherently wasteful products being 
generated than positive ones. Take, for example, the proliferation of processed high sugar, high 
fat foods. These have created a new market in ‘low fat’ products. Yet high sugar, high fat products 
are also still multiplying. Likewise, the market on its own will never regenerate a city beyond the 
condition that existed before harmful development systems were created in the first place. Nor will 
the market ever support a reduction in population and/or consumption. Efficiency measures can 
be restorative of ecosystems by removing some of the causes of damage, but they will only be net 
positive by accident (or to attract higher prices). In the meantime, many ‘efficient’ innovations can 
be suboptimal. Many inventions are still anti-ecological and can, in effect, delay the transition to 
whole systems improvements. The most efficient design from the perspective of a business seeking a 
market advantage may mean more investment in a largely dysfunctional system. We can only create 
Positive Development by 
design
. The public therefore needs to set priorities and guide public, if not 
private, investment in systems re-design.


238
Positive Development

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