How can flows analyses assess the effectiveness of planning policies?
Flows analyses could be used to calculate ‘embodied waste’ over time. That is to say, losses in total
underground water supplies, fossil fuels, soil fertility, and so on [Chapter 4]. By tracking resource
flows through a city over time, we can also assess the effectiveness of urban planning policies on
resource flows and inequities. For example, one of the author’s students tracked major ‘sustainable’
policy initiatives in Canberra against consumption (water and energy) and wastes (greenhouse gases)
over time [Box 40]. He discovered that there was no discernable correlation between sustainability
plans and policy initiatives and the actual flows of water and energy and greenhouse emissions. The
initiatives had generally not counteracted the increase in total consumption relative to population
growth, let alone reduced or reversed the absolute rates of flows. But, as we have said, sustainability
requires a broader perspective than eco-effectiveness of proposals in relation to the current conditions.
We also need to track how far we are from sustainability, by relating back to the original pre-
development conditions (ET analysis). Measuring how far we are from sustainability also requires
economic and social benchmarks: a consideration of who is obtaining the benefits and burdens of
resource transfers from nature to development, poor to rich, public to private, future to present, etc
(RT analysis). Environmental management tools fail to adequately compare the costs of inaction
(CI analysis) or the long-term consequences of linear flows (ID analysis). Public investment could
be directed at correcting these imbalances, but planning has largely let the market set investment
priorities.
Can’t linear resource transfers be made more efficient in any case?
Only if we also reverse past negative flows. Throughout most of history, urban areas have enjoyed
linear wealth transfers from their tributaries, and linear resource flows from natural systems to human
populations. We know that if we give little or nothing back to nature, our urban and industrial systems
will eventually crash. We can trace how urban systems drain soil fertility and water from rural areas.
Yet environmental planning and management still usually deals with rurban areas, national and global
flows, and human and natural systems in isolation. As long as our analyses separate urban, rural and
ecological issues and focus on linear inputs and outputs, our solutions will be (literally) end-of-pipe.
More efficient irrigation systems, showerheads and low flush toilets, for example, reduce but do not
reverse environmental impacts. Instead of re-designing the rurban operations that cause the runoff,
erosion, waste and reduced environmental flows in the first place, we create more dams, pipelines and
desalination plants. While end-of-pipe solutions are ultimately terminal, of course, they can be an
important part of the mix. Clever, small changes downstream can reduce flows upstream, through
‘compounding’.
1
In Australia, however, our major river system, the Murray Darling Basin, is (at time
of writing) unable to provide any water to some irrigators, so greater efficiency is a moot point.
2
The separation of environmental studies by sector and jurisdiction, as well as social and ecological
237
Reversing Resource Transfers
issues, leads to separate and sectoral policy responses. This has meant that potential synergies, or
win–win–win initiatives, have often been opposed by ‘competing’ regional interests (eg farmers versus
city dwellers), because they are in competition for funding and political priorities.
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |