‘This is a wonderful book that should be on the desk of every architect and planner. It shows how



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Positive Development From Vicious Circles to V

Dimensions
Interests
Key value
Processes
Arena
Individuals
Wants/preferences
Efficiency
Trade/exchange
Market sphere
Individuals/society
Relative rights/stakes
Equity
Vote/negotiate
Political sphere
Individuals/society 
nature
Needs/responsibilities
Ethic of care
Collaborative 
design
New planning 
sphere
Is it necessary to create a new decision-making sphere for sustainability issues?
Environmental issues today are fundamentally matters of ethics, and these concern collective 
responsibilities – not individual rights (politics) and personal preferences (markets). They involve 
decisions as to how we, as a society, should live and what constitutes our responsibility to future 
generations, other species, ecosystems, ethnic groups, cultures and so on. These ethical issues cannot 
be resolved by achieving equal rights in consumption or efficient distribution of goods and services 
alone. This is because things can be ‘equal’, but still be ‘unfair’ and/or unsustainable. That is, resources 
could be divided up equally, but this would not in itself stop the destruction of the ecological base and 
public estate. The fact that an appropriate sphere for environmental decision-making does not yet 
exist is one reason why we got the planet into so much trouble in the first place. Each of our existing 
decision arenas and planning systems is designed for dividing things up – not for increasing the means 
of survival and quality of life. Each of our decision frameworks and tools is designed for choosing 
(comparing and selecting), not expanding future options. Progress towards sustainability has also 
been stymied by this binary (or non-design) form of thinking. For example, the diversionary debate 
over whether the market (business) or state (bureaucracy) is best suited to solve the environmental 
crisis has blocked debate over creative alternatives. A tripartite model would, in itself, help to dislodge 
the conventional dualistic public–private or state–market choice and associated ‘blame games’.

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