Surely it is only fair to buy back resources that private parties now ‘own’?
True. Private parties should not be disadvantaged by the past mistakes of governments. However, in
many cases, these resources were not really earned or paid for. In many places, people and companies
were given land grants on the condition that they cleared the land. Many forests were virtually given
to industry in exchange for their exploitation of resources.
11
The idea, of course, was that this would
generate economic growth. But increasingly, governments have spent millions buying back ‘rights’
to resources that were given away at below market cost.
12
In a sense, then, the public is now paying
a ransom for the ‘things in life that were meant to be free’. These private grants to large companies,
such as forest concessions or water rights, are often not considered reversible, especially in the case
of large-scale operations. Yet while development decisions are usually irreversible ecologically, past
preservation decisions have proven to be politically
reversible
. When political pressure is great
enough, the cork pops, and protected ecosystems are allocated to development. Clearly, people
should receive restitution for private costs or losses incurred directly due to changing rules – but
not for ‘lost expectations’. Nonetheless, there are precedents for using trading to protect and restore
nature, not just reward speculation and privilege.
Could trading systems be used to protect species as well as resources?
Yes, there are some cases where trading systems have been used to protect species. For example, the
US introduced a trading scheme to protect endangered species in 2003. An even earlier precedent
was a tradable quota on Alaskan halibut, established in 1995 to protect the fishing stock. It enabled
some fishermen to exit the business by selling their unused quotas to others, who were then better
positioned to invest in bigger boats and get more fish. Similarly, in Zimbabwe, tribal people were
given property rights over animals, so they could auction quotas of animals to the highest bidders
(ie Western hunters) for the right to shoot them for sport. The profit from hunters was then shared,
so they had
less
motivation to kill the animals that invaded their gardens. This contrasts with the
approach in Kenya, where a paramilitary force was marshalled to combat poachers. Both these
market and militant approaches were reputedly reasonably effective. One of the author’s students
suggested a third hybrid model, where tribal communities could auction rights to rich Western
hunters to shoot the poachers. This is not that big a stretch, given that much modern warfare is now
outsourced to private sector corporate mercenaries.
13
Governments already pay private companies
to shoot people, and arms manufacturers are well positioned to broker this system. (The ultimate
market-based solution to the escalating costs of militarism would be to sell rights to shoot people,
or give out free tickets to heaven.)
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