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So are trading systems perpetuating systems that are going the wrong way?



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Positive Development From Vicious Circles to V

So are trading systems perpetuating systems that are going the wrong way?
If there is 
not
a net reduction in total resource flows, an increase in ecosystem health and resilience, 
and greater ecological carrying capacity, the system is not contributing to sustainability. Exchange 
mechanisms could, of course, require net positive improvements over existing conditions. But this 
is not yet the case. Currently, companies establish plantations (often on prime agricultural land), or 
buy the sequestration credits of a forest to compensate for carbon emissions that they will generate 
elsewhere. The idea is that the forests will continue to provide carbon sequestration. But either 
humans or nature can reduce the value of these assets overnight. Whole stands of forests that have 
received carbon credits in Western Australia are dying. Bonds, insurance and replacement plans 
have their limitations. Also, carbon trading basically only looks at one of the eco-services of forests 
(sequestration), not the value of whole ecosystems and other eco-services, such as water purification, 
habitat protection, soil production and erosion control. Thus, remarkably, carbon sequestration has 
also been used as an argument for clear-felling forests. In fact, timber ‘harvesting’ has been promoted 
by some as better than retaining old growth forests, on the grounds that wood products sequester 
carbon – at least until landfilled or burned.
16
A PhD study recently showed that the timber sequestered 
in housing in Victoria equated to taking 80,000 cars off the road.
17
But this does not really account for 
the ecological waste (loss of ecosystem integrity and resilience) in production forestry [Chapter 4].
Markets and trading systems cannot design; they only create incentives. If costs can be cut elsewhere, 
market incentives will not design ecological waste out of a production system. In some instances, 
then, trading systems could be considered ‘positively negative’.


191
Eco-service Trading Schemes

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