The Translator as Communicator



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translator as communcator

MINIMAL MEDIATION
Sample 9.1
is an extract from a translation of a message addressed by the late
Ayatollah Khomeini to the instructors and students of religious seminaries in
Iran.
5
As an exercise in translating from Farsi into English, it features problems
of translating between languages which are, relatively speaking, culturally
remote from each other (cf. 
Chapter 8
). But our principal interest in this text
sample lies in its exemplification of minimal translator mediation; the
characteristics of the source text are made entirely visible and few concessions
are made to the reader. It is what Venuti (1995) would call a ‘foreignizing’
translation.
Sample 9.1
In the name of God, the Compassionate, the Merciful.
Greetings to the trustees of inspiration, and to the martyred custodians of
prophet-hood, who have carried the pillars of the greatness and pride of the Islamic
Revolution upon the shoulders of their crimson and blood-stained commitment.
Salutations to the everlasting epic-makers from among the members of the
clergy who have written their theoretical and practical epistles with the crimson
of martyrdom and the ink of blood, and who, from the pulpit of guidance and
preaching, have turned the candle of their existence into a luminous pearl.
Honour and pride on the martyrs from the clergy […]
The genuine ulema of Islam have never given in to capitalists, money-
worshippers and landlords, and they have always preserved this decency for
themselves. It is a vulgar injustice for anyone to say that the hands of the genuine
clergy siding with Mohammedan Islam are in this same pot and God does not
forgive those who make publicity in this way or who think in this way. The
committed clergy are thirsty for the blood of parasitical capitalists. They have
never been in a state of conciliation with them—and never will be.
Of course this does not mean that we should defend all clergy-men.
Dependent, pseudo and ossified clergy have not been, and are not, few in
number. There are even persons in the seminaries who are active against the
Revolution and against pure Mohammedan Islam. There are some people,
nowadays, who under the guise of piety, strike such heavy blows at the roots of
religion, revolution and the system, that you would think they have no other duty
than this. The danger of this inclination towards petrifaction, and of these stupid
pseudo-pious people in the seminaries, should not be under-estimated. Our dear
IDEOLOGY 123


seminary students must not for a moment forget about the existence of these
deceptive snakes with colourful spots on their skins […]
In the opinion of some people, a clergyman was worthy of respect and honour
only when stupidity engulfed all his being; otherwise there seemed to be
something fishy about a clergyman who was honest, efficient and knowledgeable
in what he was doing, and clever. […]
It was through the war that we unveiled the deceitful face of the World
Devourers. It was through the war that we recognized our enemies and friends. It
was during the war that we concluded that we must stand on our own feet. It was
through the war that we broke the back of both Eastern and Western
superpowers. It was through the war that we consolidated the roots of our fruitful
Islamic revolution. It was through the war that we nurtured a sense of fraternity
and patriotism in the spirit of all the people. It was through the war that we
showed the people of the world —in particular the people of the region—that
one can fight against all the powers and superpowers for several years. […]
What is perhaps most immediately conspicuous in this text sample is the
unfamiliarity—to Western readers—of the mix of genres it displays. There are
features here of at least three recognizable genres: the political tirade, the
religious sermon and legal deontology. Statements of political policy (It was
through the war that we broke the back of both Eastern and Western
superpowers…) intermingle with the religious sermon (God does not forgive
those who…) and points of Islamic law (references in passages of Khomeini’s
address, not reproduced above, to the ‘cutting off of hands’ and to ‘the inner
meaning of juris-prudence’). Such a combination of generic elements, however,
although it is disconcerting for the average English-language reader, is entirely
appropriate—and not necessarily perceived as hybrid—in the socio-textual
practice of language cultures such as Farsi and Arabic. Although the scope of the
translator for modifying genres in translation is limited, possibilities exist at the
level of lexical selection (collocations, imagery and so on) for reducing the
heterogeneity of the source text and rendering it more compatible with perceived
reader expectations of what is appropriate to the occasion (of a head of state
addressing a particular audience). What is significant in 
Sample 9.1
, however, is
that the translator’s mediation appears to be minimal.
The translator’s scope is perhaps most apparent in terms of discoursal features
—as will be demonstrated in relation to 
Sample 9.2
later in this chapter. There
are a host of textural devices which may serve as the vehicles for a discourse and
provide evidence of the assumptions which compose an ideology. Among salient
features in 
Sample 9.1
, we shall comment on just a few: cohesion, transitivity,
over-lexicalization and style-shifting.

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