between ‘domesticating’ and ‘foreignizing’ translation, he shows how the
predominant trend towards domestication in Anglo-American translating over
the last three centuries has had a normalizing and neutralizing effect, depriving
source text producers of their voice and re-expressing foreign cultural values in
terms of what is familiar (and therefore unchallenging) to the dominant culture. A
telling example is the homophobia apparent in Robert Graves’s translation of
Suetonius—convincingly documented by Venuti—reflecting dominant cultural
values of the target language society at the time of translating (the United
Kingdom in 1957) and ‘creating an illusion of transparency in which linguistic
and cultural differences are domesticated’ (Venuti 1995:34). Whether this
domestication of foreign (i.e. source text) values is a conscious process or an
unwitting one hardly matters: the effect is the same, namely to assimilate to a
dominant—or even ‘hegemonic’ —culture all that is foreign to it. Thus, for
Venuti, the translator cannot avoid a fundamental ideological choice and what
had been presented by other writers as simply a personal preference comes to be
seen as a commitment, no doubt often in spite of the translator, to reinforcing or
challenging dominant cultural codes.
2
It is important to appreciate that this view of domestication holds within a
translation situation in which the target language, not the source language, is
culturally dominant. Conversely, if a domesticating strategy is adopted in the
case of translating from a culturally dominant source language to a minority-
status target language, it may help to protect the latter against a prevailing
tendency for it to absorb and thus be undermined by source language textual
practice. One of the modes of translating in which this trend may most clearly be
observed is the dubbing of imported English-language television serials into
minority-status target languages. The constraints of this mode of translating are
such that the default may in many instances be to relay source text structures and
lexis as closely as possible, thus importing into a target language whose norms
are less secure the discourse practices of a source language culture which in any
case tends to dominate media output in the target language country in question.
3
Thus, it is not domestication or foreignization
as such which is ‘culturally
imperialistic’ or otherwise ideologically slanted; rather, it is the effect of a
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