few existing studies of translation from the point of view of critical discourse
analysis (Knowles and Malmkjaer 1989) analyses four translations into English
of Hans Christian Andersen’s fairytale
Den Standhaftige Tinsoldat (‘The Steadfast
Tin Soldier’). The evaluative adjective
stand-haftige which appears in the title
appeals to values which are, at one and the same time, central to the moral
import of Andersen’s story (the tin soldier remains steadfast throughout many
trials and tribulations caused by an unjust world) and shared by both Danish and
English-language traditional value systems (the moral value of remaining
steadfast in adversity). Yet the translation of this term is problematic. The toy
dancer with whom the tin soldier falls in love is also at one point said to be
standhaftige—but the term applies to the dancer only in the literal, physical sense
that she remains frozen in the same posture. Ideally, both values need to be
relayed in the target language term selected. ‘Steadfast’ is the English term
which comes closest to relaying both the moral and the physical senses of the
Danish term whereas two other translations offer ‘staunch’ and ‘constant’, which
relay only the moral value. The analysis shows that variant translations at many
points in the text reflect with varying degrees of explicitness the ideology of
Andersen’s text world, including such features as the use of transitivity to relay
notions of power, control, responsibility (‘they couldn’t get the lid off’ versus
‘the lid would not open’) and the use of recurrence (of the adjective
nydeligt
—‘pretty’, with pejorative connotations of superficiality), retained throughout in
one translation but variously translated as ‘pretty’, ‘lovely’, ‘fine’, ‘charming’,
‘enchanting’, ‘graceful’ in the others. The overall trend is clear. The range of
available interpretations is reduced in translation (without there being any
consistent evidence of an intention on the part of translators to domesticate or
otherwise modify the range of potential meanings of the source text). Simply, the
translator, as processor of texts, filters the text world of the source text through
his/her own world-view/ideology, with differing results. Degrees of translator
mediation may not always correspond to degrees of domestication.
It should be noted, however, that the decision, say, to translate all instances of
the source text term
nydeligt by the target language item ‘pretty’ may reflect
either a concern to relay the ideological value implicit in the use of the cohesive
device of recurrence or,
4
more simply, a general orientation towards literal
translating, in the sense of selecting the nearest lexical ‘equivalent’ wherever
possible. It is only when evidence of this kind is part of a discernible trend,
reflected in the way a whole range of linguistic features are treated in a particular
translation, that the analyst may claim to detect an underlying motivation or
orientation on the part of the translator. In effect, the discernible trend may be
seen in terms of degrees of
mediation, that is, the extent to which translators
intervene in the transfer process, feeding their own knowledge and beliefs into
their processing of a text. The formal relaying of recurrence would thus be part
of a global text strategy, characterized by greater or lesser degrees of mediation.
With this in mind, we now propose to analyse three very different translations as
illustrations of the translation of ideology and to discuss the likely effects of the
122 THE
TRANSLATOR AS COMMUNICATOR
consistent choices made in each case. Our analysis focuses on the constraints of
genre, discourse and text, identified in
Chapter 2
as intertextually
established
sign systems, together constituting the set of socio-textual practices within which
communities of text users operate.
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