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The Ministry of Higher and Secondary Specialized
Education of The Republic of Uzbekistan
Jizzakh State Pedagogical Institute
Faculty of Foreign Languages
COURSE
P A P E R
Topic: “Aspects of language learning countries .
Theories of syllable formation and syllable division.”
Written by: Abdurahmonov Asliddin
Group 315
Scientific Advisor: _________________________________
JIZZAKH 2022
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION………………………………………………….…..….…..3
CHAPTER I. ASPECTS OF LANGUAGE LEARNING COUNTRIES . THEORIES OF SYLLABLE FORMATION AND SYLLABLE DIVISION……………………………………………………………….………7
1.1. Theories on syllable formation and division…...................…………….....7
1.2. The section explores the history of words. Subject and tasks of lexicology................................................................................................………10
CHAPTER II. THERE ARE SEVERAL SYLLABLES IN THE ENGLISH WORD………….……......................................................................……..……15
2.1. Syllable Formation and Syllable Division in English....…......…….……....15
2.2. Rules for pronouncing vowel sounds in a stressful open syllable .…..….....19
Conclusion………………..……………………………………………….........25
Bibliography……………………………….……………………..………….....28
Introduction
The word consists of syllables - one or more. In Russian, it is known that a syllable is formed by a vowel sound. In English, a syllable is formed not only by vowels, but also by some sonorant consonants (the sound received during the vibration of the vocal cords is superior to the noise made when the barrier is removed by exhaled air), i.e. consonant sounds [m ], [n], [l]. If they are preceded by a consonant and then without a vowel, they can form a syllable. Thus, such consonants are called articulated.
Aim. This course work's aim is to explain Aspects of language learning countries. Theories of syllable formation and syllable division, sound and stress migration, sound imitation and reproduction to learners.
Subject. Learners will take whole information Aspects of language learning countries. Theories of syllable formation and syllable division, sound imitation and reproduction.
Object. This course work consists of two chapters, introduction, conclusion and references
As an example, we can cite the word table ["teɪbl], which has two syllables, the second syllable is formed by the consonant" l ": table (I can preview the possible question 'raman - what about the last "e"? And the final "e" is not pronounced here and only the first syllable is open and the accented "a" in it is read in alphabetical order This is a word that consists of two syllables: sud-den, the second syllable is formed by the consonant "n" because the previous "e" is not readable (in English, the suffix "en" is not read at all., "e" is often not read).
If a word has more than one syllable, one of them (a multi-syllable word can have two) is pronounced stronger, clearer, louder, stronger - such a syllable is called. blow.1 Therefore, the remaining joints are unstressed. In English, it is never put directly in writing, only when the word is transcribed, for example, when written in a dictionary, always with an accented syllable, above (main accent u) and below (secondary emphasis, if any):
factory
to start
screwdriver
To learn how to read correctly in English, you need to know not only the correspondence of letters and sounds, but also vowels and consonants, but also the rules of division into graphic syllables, which directly defines reading in English. rules. How do you tell someone that “Most” or “More” than others? Everything seems simple - sculpt yourself a husband, est, more yes to the most words, and that's all. But why do these “castes” often sound ridiculous - ridiculous and silly?
Because the principle you need to study in depth is to form levels of comparison of qualities - today we do that.
In both Russian and English, the adjectives have the original form ( pleasant ) and two levels of comparison - comparative ( beautiful ) and wonderful ( sweetest, sweetest ).
There are two models of forming a level of comparison in English: by adding suffixes ( -er, -eng ) and using auxiliary words ( more - most ).
One of the physiological theories is the expiratory, or chest pulse, theory. It defines the syllable as a sound or a group of sounds that are pronounced in one chest pulse, accompanied by increases in air pressure. There are as many syllables in a word as there are chest pulses (expirations) made during the utterance of the word. Each vowel sound is pronounced with increased expiration. Consequently, vowels are always syllabic. Boundaries between syllables are in the places where there occur changes in the air pressure. The American phonetician R.H. Stetson, who tried to prove the validity of the expiratory theory, measured the action of the respiratory muscles and pointed out the existence of a relationship between syllables and the stimulation of the respiratory muscles. But later scholars doubted Stetson‘s results. A.C. Gimson notes that it is doubtful whether a double chest pulse will be evident in the pronunciation of juxtaposed vowels as, for instance, in ―seeing‖ /si:-Iŋ/, though such words consist of two syllables. It is impossible to explain all cases of syllable formation on the basis of the expiratory theory, and therefore, to determine boundaries between syllables.
To study the physiological mechanism of syllable formation a further investigation was carried out. It was done in Edinburgh by P. Ladefoged, M. Draper and D. Whitteridge.2 The results of the electromyographic experiments show that the mechanism of syllable formation and syllable division is very complicated and involves the work of a greater number of muscles than were described by Stetson.
Another theory of the syllable is the relative sonority theory, or the prominence theory, created by the Danish phonetician Otto Jespersen. This theory is based mainly on auditory judgments on the prominence of speech sounds, e.g. their sonority, or audibility.
Pronounced with uniform force, length and pitch, speech sounds differ in prominence (sonority). The most sonorous are vowels, less sonorous are sonants and the least sonorous are noise consonants. N.I. Zhinkin has put forward a new theory based on physiological principles. It is called ―the loudness theory. The syllable is defined from the point of view of both speech production and speech perception (the articulatory and auditory aspects). On the perceptual level a syllable is an arc of actual loudness, not the inherent loudness of speech sounds. The experiments carried out by Zhinkin, showed that the organ immediately responsible for the formation of a syllable is the pharynx. Both the narrowing of the pharyngeal passage and the increasing muscular tension reinforce the actual loudness of the vowel so that it becomes the peak of the syllable while the loudness of the marginal consonants is lower. Thus on the speech production level the correlate of ―the arc of loudness‖ is the arc of articulatory effort.
The acoustic aspect of the syllable has been studied by E. Zwirner, R. Jacobson and M. Halle. According to the results obtained, the peak of the syllable (a vowel or a sonant) has higher intensity than its marginal consonants and in many cases a higher fundamental frequency. Perceptually, it is louder and higher in pitch. These acoustic features easily agree with the physiological definition of the syllable as an arc of articulatory effort (or energy). If the tension of the sound production mechanism is increased, it is expressed acoustically by a strengthening of the intensity of the sounds produced and perceptually it is characterized by higher loudness.
The division of the syllable is made at the end of the word: student - stu | dent, money - money, permission - permission.
Thus, a consonant located at the boundary of two syllables becomes adjacent to the next vowel. Double sounds split. All of this is important if you need to figure out how to pronounce this or that unfamiliar word. Also, for this you need to know about closed and open joints in English.
Influence on reading rules
The types of syllables in English differ from the classification in Russian. There are four varieties here, and in the others, as a rule, only two are distinguished.
First, it is an open joint. In English, it ends with However, the rules of reading play.
Of course, there are exceptions to all the rules. Closed and open syllables in English do not guarantee that vowels are read in one way or another. However, such cases are not very common.
By the way, first of all, you need to determine the accented syllable for the word, because it is very important whether it is open or closed. The remaining vowels are, as a rule, pronounced neutral or even muted. However, there are usually problems with stress because English is one of the languages with their free placement.
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
