77 |
This difference in salience is visually represented in figure 7, showing the differences
between
lanzar
and
echar
. The
LOOKS
schema for
echar
is more salient and productive. This
is represented by a bolded box. The schema in the case of
echar
is instantiated by more nouns
that refer to looks. The same schema applies to
lanzar
, but it is not as salient for this verb and
is only instantiated by one phrase.
Another semantic group that is repeated in the data includes nouns that refer to sounds
or speech acts. These types of
MOVANTS
are especially common with
lanzar
, though the data
shows one example with
arrojar
.
(CdE:19-F, Gran señor y rajadiablos)
(77) …lo
LANZÓ
al viento: ¡Qué viva misia Carmela…
‘He
LAUNCHED
it to the wind: Long live Ms. Carmela’
(CdE:19-F, Palabras en juego)
(78)
Fernanda, Juliana, Teresa y Sofía
…
LANZARON
gritos indignados.
‘
Fernanda, Juliana, Teresa and Sofia
LAUNCHED
indignant screams’
(CdE:19-F, Cómo Deshacerse de su Colchón)
(79) …
la dueña
ARROJA
, sin destinataria especifica, una frase…
‘
The owner
THROWS
a phrase to no one in particular’
This semantic class includes a variety of types of sounds which are detailed further in
table 4 below. This use is motivated by the Conduit metaphor attributed to Reddy (1979)
(cited in Lakoff & Johnson 1980:9, Goldberg 1995:148). Lakoff & Johnson (1980:9) describe
it as follows: “The speaker puts ideas (objects) into words (containers) and sends them (along
a conduit) to a hearer […].” The
throw-
verb denotes the sending or motion.
Tirar
has few nonphysical
MOVANTS
.
There is only one
semantic class that occurs
(repeatedly):
MOVANTS
that refer to hits. This semantic class also appears with
lanzar
(82).
(CdE:19-F, El otro round de Dinamita A...)
(80)
…al
grandote
que
TIRA
gualetazos al aire…
‘to
the big guy
who
THROWS
punches in the air’
(81)
Orfi
TIRÓ
el golpe al color azul…
(CdE:19-F, Y Goya Pintaba su Lienzo)
‘
Orfi
GAVE
a blow to the color blue.’
(82)
Y me
LANZÓ
un bofetón a la cara…
(CdE:19-OR, Habla Culta: Santiago: M24)
‘And s/he
GAVE
me a slap to the face.’
The sentences in (80)-(82) can be translated as ‘throwing a hit’. A hit involves motion
of
the body, where (part of)
the body of the
INITIATOR
moves towards the receiver. This
aspect of motion from source to goal is what is highlighted by the use of a
throw
-verb.
78 |
The previous three combinations of
MOVANTS
show a very similar behavior. I would
argue that all three show an analogous extension
relation to the central
THROWING
schema.
This is illustrated in figure 8.
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