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one semantic class of the ones under discussion. But an exploration of the entire CdE shows
one example each of
tirar una mirada
‘throw a look’ and
tirar una carcajada
‘throw a
laugh’. From that, it seems that
tirar
can
participate in the
LOOKS
and
FACIAL EXPRESSIONS
schema. As Bosque (2004) notes, there are combinations that to speakers seem entirely
natural, but still only appear once in a corpus. Figure 11, then, represents what is frequent or
common (in a corpus) and has little to say conclusively about what is possible or what is
natural to Spanish speakers.
4.2.5 Collostructional Analysis
The 400-sentence corpus already shows some clear tendencies. Each verb is
polysemous and each verb has its own profile of the types of meanings that it can express.
The results of the collostructional analysis, as we will see, confirm most of the results from
the 400-sentence corpora. The collostructional analysis gives a level of attraction between
each verb and the most frequently occurring nouns for each verb. In this case, the nouns are
limited to
MOVANTS
.
The test results allow us to make some tentative claims about the most
salient meanings of each verb (See §3.2 for a description of this test).
The results of the collostructional
analysis for
MOVANTS
is shown in table 5.The
numbers in the table are the p-values. They measure the level of attraction of the noun to the
MOVANT
position of the verb. The p-values in red and with a “R” next to them mark
repulsion; the noun rejects the position of
MOVANT
. There are only three cases of rejection,
and it is not clear if anything can be said at this time about these cases of repulsion. The
empty boxes are cases where the p-value is not statistically significant. The crossed out boxes
are cases where there was no occurrence in the corpus of that specific verb plus noun
combination. For example,
tirar
does
not occur with
vistazo
‘look’ at all in the corpus, but
there is 1 example of
mirada
‘look’ combined with
tirar.
Neither
noun showed attraction or
repulsion to the verb.
First of all, it is important to note that the majority of nouns (12 out of 16 nouns) are
only attracted to one verb. There are five nouns (5E-I, table 5 letters E through I) that are only
attracted to
echar
, five (5J-N) attracted to
lanzar
and two (5O-P) attracted to
arrojar
. The
analysis shows no nouns that are only attracted to
tirar
.
Only four nouns are attracted by more than one verb. The
nouns
piedra
‘stone’
and
piedras
‘stones’ can be seen as representing the
THROWING
schema. The most prototypical
object that is thrown is a stone. Both
arrojar
and
tirar
attract the nouns (5A)
piedras
‘stones’
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and (5B)
piedra
‘stone’. This lines up well with the corpus result, where we found that these
verbs had a high preference for expressing acts of prototypical throwing.
Table 5 shows
lanzar
attracting the plural
piedras
‘stones’, but not the singular
piedra
‘stone’. In an attempt to confirm this finding, the questionnaire included 1 sentence pair with
the plural form and 1 sentence pair with the singular form (four sentences in total). The
questionnaire results do not follow the results shown in the collostructional analysis. In the
four sentences, almost the same number
of participants chose
lanzar
as the best verb to
complete the sentence. In three of the sentences 14 respondents wrote
lanzar
, while in
another sentence 13 respondents wrote
lanzar
(out of the 30 total participants). We can take
this to mean that
lanzar
can combine with both nouns, and the combination is felt as natural
by speakers, even though the corpus shows a higher occurrence with the plural
.
We can say
that
lanzar
can express prototypical throwing because it can appear with
piedra(s)
‘stone(s)’.
Echar
does not attract either noun. I proposed earlier that
echar
was different from the
other verbs in not expressing forcefulness and strength of motion. It is possible to speculate
that
echar
is
not compatible with
piedra(s)
‘stones’ because these are usually thrown with
strength or to a (relatively) far distance, and this meaning is not compatible with
echar
.
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