The Interplay of Synonymy and Polysemy



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particular 
DIRECTIONALS 
that when combined with 
echar
produce figurative meanings. Some 
examples are described here.
Echar 
can combine with 
abajo
‘down’ or 
por los suelos 
‘to the ground’ to mean ‘to 
topple, to ruin, to destroy’ (DRAE). 
(93) 
…hasta que alguien 
ECHARA
abajo
su marca… 
(CdE:19-F, Absurdo Concursante) 
Until that someone throw down his/her mark 
‘Until someone 
BROUGHT
down
his/her mark’ 
(94) 

ECHÓ
por los suelos 
el trabajo de su rival… 
(CdE:19-N, Guat:Gerencia:98JUN8) 
threw by the grounds the work of his rival 
‘He ruined the work his rival had done.’ 
These are the only examples in the 400-sentence corpus. The 
INITIATOR
is the actor 
that does the toppling or ruining. The 
MOVANTS
can be nonphysical since all kinds of 
elements can be toppled. In (93), it is a record in a competition; in (94), the player’s work 
during a game.
A second phrase is 
echar a perder
‘to damage, to spoil’ (DDFH). It is a variant of the 
inchoative construction. There is one example in the data with a nonphysical 
MOVANT

(95) No lo eches a perder 
(CdE:19-OR, Habla Culta: Caracas: M19) 
Not CL.3
rd
.nonrf throw.3
rd
to lose.inf 
‘Don’t ruin it’ 
The clitic 
lo
 
refers to a marriage. The sentence asks the individual to not ruin the 
marriage. This phrase has a similar meaning to the previous examples (93-94). There are 
several phrases with 
echar 
that in general mean ‘to ruin’.
Another phrase is 
echar en cara
which means ‘to reproach, to accuse’ (DDFH, 
REDES). The phrase literally means ‘to throw in the face’ but is understood metaphorically. 
The 
MOVANT 
in these phrases can be all kinds of nonphysical entities such as thoughts, 
behaviors or attributes. One example is shown in (96).
 
(96) No me 
ECHES
en cara
mi debilidad. 
(CdE:19-F, La muerte de Artemio Cruz) 
No me throw in face my weakness 
‘Don’t reproach me my weakness’ 
A final combination involves 
MOVANTS
that refer to work or burdens and the 
adverbial phrase 
encima 
‘on top/over’.



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