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left on the initial stages (Fogsgaard 2001:16). The sentence in (208) expresses that the group
was doing something first. They
were certainly not attacking, but
it is not exactly relevant
what action they were performing. Then there is a transition to a new state of attacking. It
only matters that they began the attack, not that it continued, or that they
finished or that it
was successful, only that they began.
This meaning of a transition to a new action can be seen as a natural extension of the
semantics associated with
THROWING
. In the
physical sense of the verb,
the focus is on the
transition to a new location, but there is no real focus on what happens once it is in this new
location. Something similar happens in the figurative sense: the focus is on the transition to a
new event and no real focus is placed on what happens thereafter.
The meaning extension from the physical act of throwing (oneself) to that of
beginning an action is a fairly straightforward metaphorical process illustrated by figures 20
and 21. If we change locations to actions, then the meaning of beginning an
action is derived.
4.3.6 The Case of
tirar de
I mention in the introduction to §4.3 that the sentences with
tirar
that mean ‘to pull’
and
use the preposition
de
‘from/of’ are
excluded from the study of
DIRECTIONALS
.
In the
annotation process, I labeled the elements that are pulled as
MOVANTS
. I justify that stance by
noting that this element is the one that undergoes motion and is directly affected by the force
exerted by
INITIATOR
. In that sense, these phrases are analogous to “normal”
MOVANTS
.
(CdE:19-OR, Habla Culta: Madrid: M1)
(209) …entonces usted
TIRA
de una palanca que tiene su --- a su izquierda…
‘Then you
PULL
on a lever that you have your --- to your left.’
(CdE:19-F, La víspera y el día)
(210) …
TIRÓ
con fuerzas de un cordón que había en el techo…
‘He
PULLED
with strength on the string that was on the roof’
I analyzed the phrases
de una palanca
‘from a lever’ (209) and
de un cordón
‘from a
string’ (210) as
MOVANTS
. They differ from all the other
MOVANTS
in the study since they are
introduced by the preposition
de
‘from/of’. There are 15 sentences in the corpus that mean ‘to
pull’ and 11 of those have the structure shown in (209) and (210). Other sentence types are
also possible. Two examples are shown below.
(211) … él
TIRABA
el caballo de las riendas…
(CdE:19-F, Pedro)
‘He
PULLED
the horse by the reins.’