The Interplay of Synonymy and Polysemy



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4.3.7 Summary 
The study of the third participant (
DIRECTIONAL
) gathers information from three data 
sources: the 400-sentence corpus, the collostructional analysis, and a questionnaire. Each test 
on its own provides relatively few conclusions regarding the 
throw-
verbs, so that multiple 
data sources are needed to give a fuller picture. 
First of all, the data from the 400-sentence corpus and the questionnaire show that 
echar
has a stronger preference for the appearance of 
DIRECTIONALS
. Though 
DIRECTIONALS 
in general tend to be optional (they may or may not be expressed), 
echar
appears with 
DIRECTIONALS
more than the other 
throw
-verbs. These results add to the conclusions posited 
in §4.2 that 
echar 
shows some significant meaning differences in the central 
THROWING 
schema as compared to the other verbs. 
Echar 
can refer to both accompanied and 
unaccompanied motion, it tends to involve less force or strength than the other verbs (§4.2.2), 
and it has a stronger preference for the syntactic realization of the 
DIRECTIONAL

The majority of the data for 
DIRECTIONALS 
involve goals. The goal can be expressed 
with either a directional preposition or adverb such as 

‘from/to’ and 
abajo
‘down/below’ or 
with locative prepositions such as 
en 
‘on/in’ and 
sobre 
‘over/on’. But little else could be said 
about the expression of routes or paths or sources, since they are fairly uncommon in the 400-
sentence corpus. A larger scale corpus study might show distinctions between the verbs as to 
the types of prepositions preferred by each verb.
The collostructional analysis shows that most of the attracted 
DIRECTIONALS
involve 
physical motion. 
Arrojar

echar 
and 
tirar
attract a wide variety of 
DIRECTIONALS
.
Lanzar
’s 
behavior is unique since it only attracts one noun describing physical motion to a place: 
aire 
‘air’. The questionnaire confirms that 
lanzar
is highly attracted to this noun, and that by 
analogy it also attracts other types of 
DIRECTIONALS
that express upward motion.
In some cases, the collostructional analysis and the questionnaire show slightly 
inconsistent results. While in the collostructional analysis 
tirar 
is highly attracted to 
al suelo 


136 | 
‘to the ground’, the questionnaire did not find a strong attraction. In fact, 
arrojar
shows more 
attraction to 
DIRECTIONALS
expressing downward motion. I tentatively posit that this could be 
the result of dialectal differences. Further dialectal variations seem to arise with the pattern of 
use of the verb 
tirar. 
The questionnaire results seem to indicate that 
tirar
was in some ways 
the default 
throw
-verb. The results though are only tentative. It is also not conclusive whether 
the dialect is limited to the state of Olancho (since most respondents where from this state
and even those born outside have lived here for many years), of Honduras in general or even 
potentially applicable to Central America (since many authors have treated the region as 
fairly homogenous (Lipski 1996, Moreno de Alba 2007)). 
Aspectual phrases play an important role in the data. The inchoative phrases take up a 
large part of the corpus examples for 

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