śrā-
maṇera,
the disciple of an arhat, once desired to eat some fermented rice
cake when he was on his deathbed. The arhat saw with his supernatural power
of clairvoyance that this kind of cake was obtainable in the country of Gostana,
so he went there through his faculty of divine feet and obtained some of the
cake for his disciple. Having eaten the cake, the
śrāmaṇera
wished to be
reborn in that country after death. His wish was actually fulfilled and he was
reborn as a prince of [Gostana]. After his succession to the throne his prestige
spread far and near., and later he crossed the Snow Mountains to invade the
country of Kaśmīra. The king of Kaśmīra had concentrated his troops to
resist the invaders at the frontier but the arhat exhorted him, “There is no
need to resort to force. I can repulse them.” The arhat then went to speak on
the essence of various Dharmas to the king of Gostana. At first the king would
not listen to him and still wanted to send his army to the battleground. The
arhat then produced the robe that the king had worn in his previous life as
the
śrāmaṇera
. At the sight of the robe the king gained the supernatural
faculty of remembering past events. He apologized to the king of Kaśmīra
and withdrew his troops after reconciliation. He also brought back with his
army the Buddha’s image that he had worshiped when he was a
śrāmaṇera
in his former life. When the image was brought to this place it refused to be
moved any further, and so a monastery was built to enshrine the image where
it stood. Monks were invited to live in the monastery and the king’s precious
crown was placed on head of the image. The present crown on the image’s
head is the one that was offered by the previous king.
Along the main path, in a great desert one hundred and fifty or sixty
li
to
the west of the royal city, are mounds that are actually heaps of earth dug
out by rats from their holes. I heard the local people say that the rats in the
desert were as large as hedgehogs, that the ones with golden or silvery hair
were the chiefs, and that each time they came out of their holes the other rats
always followed them as attendants. The Hun people once led hundreds of
thousands of troops to attack the frontier [of Gostana] and they were stationed
beside the rat mounds. At that time the king of Gostana had only a few tens
of thousands of soldiers under his command and he feared that his army was
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not strong enough to resist the enemy. He always knew that the rats in the
desert were marvelous animals but he did not regard them as divine beings.
When the invaders arrived both the monarch and his subjects were greatly
surprised and did not know how to deal with the situation. As a temporary
expedient they tried conducting a sacrificial ceremony, praying to the rats in
the hope that they might help strengthen the army. That night the king of
Gostana dreamed that a giant rat said to him, “I wish to assist you and I hope
you will get your men ready for battle at an early hour. If you engage the
enemy tomorrow you will certainly win the day.” Knowing that he had spir-
itual assistance, the king of Gostana mobilized his troops and ordered them
to launch a surprise attack before dawn. The Hun invaders were frightened
when they heard of this. They rushed to put on their armor and mount the
horses and chariots, but they found that the saddles and equipment, the strings
of their bows and ties for the armor, and all such belts and cords had been
gnawed through by the rats. The defenders then arrived suddely and the Hun
people were overcome and suffered capture and massacre; the commanders
were killed and the soldiers taken prisoner. The Hun people, thinking that
their opponents had the help of divine beings, were awestruck. Out of gratitude
toward the rats the king of Gostana built a temple to offer sacrifices to them,
and this tradition has been carried down from generation to generation with
a deep and special feeling of wonderment. From the monarch on down to
common citizens, everyone performed sacrificial ceremonies to gain blessed-
ness. Whenever they passed by the rat holes they alighted from their horses
and carriages to worship the rats and offer clothing, bows, and arrows or fra-
grant flowers and delicious food to them, so as to pray for happiness. Because
they did so with sincerity they gained benefit in most cases. If no sacrifice
was offered one might meet with calamity.
Five or six
li
to the west of the royal city is Samājñā Monastery, in which
there is a stupa more than a hundred feet high that shows frequent spiritual
signs and occasionally emits a divine light. In the past an arhat once came
from a distance and stayed in the wood, issuing a bright light through his
supernatural power. From a storied pavilion the king saw the light shining
brightly in the wood at night and asked his attendants about it, and they all
said, “A
śramaṇa
has come from a distance and is now sitting in the wood,
manifesting his supernatural powers.” The king then ordered his driver to
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prepare his carriage and went in person to see the monk. When he saw the
sage he cherished a feeling of respect for him and, in admiration of the monk’s
demeanor, the king invited him to come to the palace. The
śramaṇa
said,
“Everything has its own appropriate position and each person has his particular
inclination. A secluded wood with marshes and streams is the place I appreciate,
while lofty halls and grand mansions are not what I should accept.” The king
respected him all the more and treated him with even greater honor. A
monastery was built with a stupa, and the
śramaṇa
was invited to stay there.
Before long, to his great delight the king obtained several hundred grains
of relic bones through his profound devotion. He regretted that the relics, as
a spiritual response, had come a bit too late to have been enshrined in the
stupa, which would consequently have become a superior holy site. He went
to the monastery and told his idea to the monks. The arhat said, “O King, do
not worry! I can place the relics under the stupa for you. You should put the
relics in golden, silver, copper, iron, and stone cases, one by one.” The king
ordered craftsmen to make the required cases and they completed the task
in a few days’ time. The cases were sent to the monastery in precious carriages
and hundreds of heralds, attendants, and officials from the palace escorted
the relics, while tens of thousands of people watched the procession. The
arhat lifted up the stupa with his right hand and placed it in his palm, saying
to the king, “You may place the relics now.” Then the ground was dug up
for the cases and when this had been done, the stupa was replaced on the site
without any damage or slanting. Those who witnessed the event said in admi-
ration that they had never before seen such a sight; their faith in the Buddha
became even more sincere and their minds of respecting the Dharma more
steadfast.
The king said to his group of officials, “I have heard that the Buddha’s
power is inconceivable and his divine faculties are unfathomable. He can
appear in hundreds of myriads of bodies simultaneously and take birth either
in the human world or in heaven. He can lift up the world in his palm without
making living beings feel any agitation. He expounded the nature of the
Dharma in normal language to enable all creatures to reach enlightenment
in different ways, according to their varying capacities. His divine power is
incomparable and his wisdom is beyond description. Although his corporeal
form has vanished his teachings have been handed down, so that we can
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The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
enjoy the peace of his doctrine, live under the influence of his virtue, taste
the flavor of the Way, and admire his characteristic way of life. Owing to his
blessing, we have now obtained these holy relics. Do your utmost, all of you,
to pay deep respect to the Buddha. You will then understand that the buddha-
dharma is abstruse and profound.”
Five or six
li
to the southeast of the royal city is Maza Monastery, which
was established by a concubine of a former king of this country. In the past
neither the mulberry tree or silkworms were known in this country. Hearing
that a certain country in the east had mulberry trees and silkworms, [the king]
dispatched a messenger to seek for them, but the monarch of the eastern
country kept them hidden and would not grant the request. He gave orders
to the frontier guards to prevent mulberry seeds or silkworms from being
smuggled out of the country. The king of Gostana then humbly proposed to
enter into a matrimonial alliance with the eastern country. The king of the
eastern country had ambitions to exert his influence over distant lands through
mollification, so he readily agreed to the proposal. The king of Gostana
appointed an envoy to collect the bride and said to him, “Tell the daughter
of the monarch of the eastern country that we have no silk thread, nor do we
have we mulberry trees or silkworms, in our country. Ask her to bring some
seeds with her [so that silk may be produced] to make garments for her.”
Hearing this, the daughter of the monarch secretly obtained some mulberry
seeds and silkworms, which she hid inside the cloth of her hat. When she
arrived at the frontier the guards searched all her belongings but they dared
not inspect her hat. In this manner she entered the country of Gostana and
lodged at the place where Maza Monastery now stands. She was then taken
to the royal palace with proper rites and ceremony and the mulberry seeds
and silkworms were kept at the palace. In early spring the mulberry seeds
were planted, and in the month of breeding silkworms the leaves of the mul-
berry trees were plucked to feed them. In the early stages [the silkworms]
were also fed with leaves of miscellaneous trees. From then on the mulberry
trees thrived, their luxuriant foliage casting shadows in patches. The king’s
concubine made an inscription on a stone tablet to lay down a rule forbidding
people from harming the silkworms. Only when the silk moths had all flown
away could the cocoons be reeled; the gods would not protect those who
dared infringe this rule. This monastery was built in memory of the first
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Fascicle XII
group of silkworms. There are several withered mulberry trees, said to be
the first mulberries planted there. Silkworms are not killed in this country
and if anyone stealthily reels silk [from cocoons with larvae inside] he will
reap a poor harvest in sericulture the following year.
More than one hundred
li
to the southeast of the [royal] city is a large
river flowing northwest, which the people use for irrigation. At one time it
dried up, to the great surprise of the king. He rode in his carriage to inquire
of an arhat monk, saying, “The water of the large river is usually drawn and
used by the people; what is the fault that has caused it to dry up? Have I been
unjust in managing state affairs, have my virtuous deeds not extended to all?
If not, then why is the punishment from above so severe?” The arhat said,
“Your Majesty rules the country in peace and good order. The drying up of
the river is caused by the dragon [in the river]. It befits Your Majesty to imme-
diately offer sacrifice and say prayers to him, and then the lost advantages
may be recovered.” The king returned to his palace and performed a sacrificial
ceremony for the dragon in the river. Suddenly a woman came over the waves
and said to the king, “My husband has been dead for a long time and I am
unable to carry out your order. That is why the river has dried up and the
farmers have lost the advantage of irrigation. If you will select one of your
noble ministers to be my husband the river’s waters will flow as usual.” The
king said, “Please do as you wish.” The dragon [woman] looked at the min-
isters and was delighted with one of them. After returning to the palace the
king said to his ministers, “My ministers are the pillars of the state and agri-
culture is the source of the food that sustains our lives. If I lose my ministers
the state will be endangered, but without food all of us will die. What shall
I choose, the endangerment of the state or death?” The minister [chosen by
the dragon woman] arose from his seat and kneeled, saying in reply, “I am
an incompetent person who is unworthy of my important position, and I have
always thought of dedicating myself to the service of my country but have
not yet had the chance. Now, having been selected [to take up the appoint-
ment], how could I dare refuse to bear this important responsibility? If it is
for the benefit of the masses of people, there is no need to be reluctant about
sending away a minister. A minister is merely an assistant of the state, while
the people are the foundation of the country. I hope Your Majesty will hesitate
no more. I would be fortunate if a monastery can be constructed as a good
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The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
deed done on my behalf.” The king consented to his request and the work
was completed in no time.
The minister then asked permission to go to the dragon’s palace at an
early date. All the officials and common people in the whole country held
farewell banquets in his honor, accompanied by the performance of music.
The minister, dressed in white and riding a white horse, bade farewell to the
king and expressed thanks to his countrymen before he rode into the river.
The horse walked on the surface of the water without sinking. When it came
to midstream the minister waved his whip to slice the water and made an
opening, through which he dropped into the river. After a short while the
white horse floated out of the river, carrying a sandalwood drum on its back
along with a letter, which said in brief, “Your Majesty did not despise me as
a humble person and gave me the chance to be selected by the goddess. I
hope you will perform more meritorious deeds for the benefit of your country
and people. The big drum is to be hung to the southeast of the city. Before
the approach of invaders it will sound by itself to give warning.” Since then
water has flowed in the river and the people have made use of it up to now.
After such a the long lapse of time the original dragon drum is no longer in
existence. At the place where it was hung another drum has been put as a
substitute. The monastery beside the pond is deserted and in ruins, and there
are no monks living there.
More than three hundred
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