li
in circuit
and its capital city, which is over ten li
in
circuit, is in an impregnable position
with a large number of registered inhabitants. There is a chain of mountains
and hillocks covered with stone and gravel. Two rivers wind through the country
so the land is good for cultivation. Such fruit as grapes, pears, and crabapples
are abundant. The seasonal wind is cold. The people are rude and deceitful by
custom and robbery is committed openly. Their writing is similar to that of
Gostana (see below) but the spoken language is different. They have little sense
of etiquette and righteousness and their learning is superficial, but they piously
believe in the Triple Gem and are fond of performing meritorious deeds. There
are several tens of monasteries, most of which are in ruins. The monks, about
a hundred in number, study Mahayana teachings.
In the southern part of this country there is a great mountain with lofty
peaks and ranges standing one behind the other. The grass and trees are cold-
resistant and they are always the same, whether in spring or autumn. The
streams in the gullies flow rapidly in all directions. On the cliffs there are
caves and rock cells scattered all over the precipices. Many Indians who
achieved sainthood came here from a great distance through their supernatural
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power of levitation and settled in this place. Many of the arhats died here,
so a large number of stupas have been built in the mountain. There are still
three arhats living in the caves, absorbed in the
samādhi
of mental extinction.
They look emaciated but their beards and hair continue to grow, so the monks
go to shave them regularly. A large number of Mahayana scriptures in par-
ticular are stored in this country; of all the places where Buddhism has pre-
vailed none can surpass this country in its collection of scriptures. Books
consisting of a hundred thousand stanzas each amount to more than ten titles,
and those of fewer stanzas are widely circulated indeed.
Going eastward from there for more than eight hundred
li
over ranges and
across valleys, I reached the country of Gostana (this name is the elegant form
of the local dialect, meaning “earth-nipple.” In the vulgar language it is called
Huanna, while the Huns call it Yudun. In the other Hu language it is designated
as Qidan, and in India it is named Qudan. Its old form, Yutian, is incorrect).
The country of Gostana is more than four thousand
li
in circuit and more than
half the country is desert. There is only a limited area of cultivable land, which
yields cereals and diverse kinds of fruit. The country produces woolen carpets
and fine felt and the people are skillful in spinning and weaving silk. It also
yields white and black jade. The climate is pleasant but there are dust whirls.
The people have a sense of etiquette and righteousness and are genial and
polite in disposition. They are fond of learning the classics and the arts and
they are conversant with various crafts. The common people are wealthy and
happy and the registered families live in peace and security. The state promotes
music and the people love singing and dancing. A few of them wear woolen,
hempen, felt, or fur clothes, but the majority use silk and white cotton for
their clothing. They are graceful in deportment and well disciplined in behavior.
Their system of writing follows that of India, with slight alterations and some
reforms; their spoken language differs from that of other countries. They
esteem the buddha-dharma and there are over a hundred monasteries with
more than five thousand monks who mostly study Mahayana teachings. The
king is a very brave man and holds the buddha-dharma in high esteem. He
claims to be a descendant of the deity Vaiśravaṇa.
In the past the deity Vaiśravaṇa stayed here when this country was unin-
habited. After King Aśoka’s prince had his eyes gouged out in the country
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The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
of Takṣaśilā, the king angrily reproached his ministers and exiled some of
the powerful and influential families to settle in the desert valleys to the north
of the Snow Mountains. In the course of moving from place to place in search
of pasture, the exiled people came to the western region of this country and
elected their leader as king. Meanwhile, one of the sons of the emperor of a
land in the east was condemned to banishment and went to live in the eastern
region of this country. At the instigation of his followers he made himself
king. For a long time the two kings were not in contact with one another.
Once, when both men were out hunting, they met in the wilderness and each
inquired of the other about his ancestral lineage. They then had a dispute
over the question of who was superior in rank. The argument became more
heated and they were soon on the brink of resorting to force. Someone advised
them, “Why should we fight a decisive battl while out hunting, when we
have not fully mobilized our troops? We should go back to arrange our fighters
in battle array and then make an appointment to meet again.” So the two
kings returned to their respective countries, had their soldiers drill and practice
the arts of war, and boosted their morale. On the appointed day the two armies
met on the battleground, with colors flying and drums beating, and the fol-
lowing day they engaged. The lord from the west was defeated and while
attempting to retreat he was decapitated. The lord from the east comforted
and assembled the inhabitants of the defeated country on his victorious march.
He moved his capital to the central part of the country and planned to build
city walls. He was concerned about not knowing where the ground was clay
and feared that his plan would not succeed, so he made an announcement to
invite learned soil scientists from far and near. An ash-smearing ascetic car-
rying a big calabash of water approached to recommend himself to the king,
saying, “I know the structure of soil.” He dripped the water to mark the
ground in a roundabout way twice and then departed and disappeared. The
foundations of the city walls were laid down along the water marks and the
city became the seat of government. The present king has made his capital
in this city. Although it is not in a high and invulnerable position it is strong
and difficult for attackers to capture. Since ancient times no one has ever
occupied it in a war.
By the time the king had moved his capital to the newly built city for the
establishment of his government and the settlement of his people, he was
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Fascicle XII
already getting old, after many achievements and exploits. He was childless
and feared that his ancestral line would die out, so he went to the place of
the deity Vaiśravaṇa to pray for a son and a baby burst out from the forehead
of the image of the deity. The king carried the baby home, to the delight of
the whole country. The baby refused to drink milk, however, and the king
feared that it might not live long. So he went again to the temple to seek
nourishment for the baby. The earth in front of the deity’s image suddenly
bulged into the shape of a nipple, from which the baby drew milk [and he
received nourishment in this way] until he grew up. He became an unprece-
dentedly brave and brilliant man whose influence spread far and he renovated
the temple in honor of his forefather. Since then the royal lineage has continued
from generation to generation without cessation. That is why the temple is
full of jewels and gems and ceremonies of worship and sacrifice are regularly
offered to the deity without neglect. Because their ancestor was nursed with
milk from an earth-nipple, the people named their country after it.
About ten
li
to the south of the royal city is a great monastery built by a
previous king of this country for the arhat Vairocana (“Universal Shining”
in Chinese). Formerly, when the buddha-dharma had not yet spread to this
country, the arhat came here and stayed in the wood, sitting in meditation.
Someone saw him and was amazed by his appearance and garments. He
reported the matter to the king, who came in person to see the arhat and said,
“Who are you, staying alone in the solitary wood?” The arhat said, “I am a
disciple of the Tathāgata and I live alone, practicing meditation. O King, you
should perform meritorious deeds to propagate the Buddha’s teachings and
build a monastery for the assembly of monks.” The king said, “What are the
virtues of the Tathāgata and what divine powers does he possess that made
you dwell like a bird in the wood and practice his teachings so assiduously?”
The arhat said in reply, “The Tathāgata has compassion for all creatures of
the four kinds of birth and guides all living beings of the three realms, either
overtly or covertly, in the states of existence or extinction. Those who follow
his Dharma will become free of birth and death, while those who do not
believe in it will be entangled in the net of passion.” The king said, “Truly,
as you have said, this matter is beyond verbal discussion. Since he is a great
saint he may as well appear in physical form so that I might see him. Once
I have seen him I will build a monastery, believe in him as my refuge, and
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The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
propagate his teachings.” The arhat said, “After you have completed the con-
struction of a monastery you will receive his spiritual response.” Hopeful,
the king agreed to build the monastery. When the construction was completed
people from far and near assembled to celebrate the occasion as a religious
function, but they lacked the instrument to be sounded for summoning the
monks. The king said to the arhat, “Now the monastery is completed but
where is the Buddha?” The arhat said, “Work with utmost sincerity; the holy
evidence is not far off.” The king then prayed and worshiped and suddenly
an image of the Buddha descended from the air and handed an instrument
to him. Thereafter the king piously believed in the Buddha and propagated
his teachings.
More than twenty
li
to the southwest of the royal city is Gośṛṅga
(“Cowhorn”) Mountain, with two high eaks surrounded by precipitous cliffs.
In the valley a monastery was constructed, in which the Buddha’s image
often emitted a bright light. In the past the Tathāgata once came here and
briefly preached the essence of the Dharma to human and heavenly beings.
He prophesied that a country would be founded here and that the people
would revere his teachings and follow Mahayana tenets. Amid the rocks of
Cowhorn Mountain there is a large cave in which an arhat is absorbed in the
meditation of mental extinction, waiting for the advent of Maitreya Buddha.
For several hundred years offerings have been made to him without cease.
Recently the rocks collapsed and blocked the entrance to the cave. The king
sent his soldiers to clear away the fallen stones but a swarm of black wasps
flew out to sting them. Thus up to now the entrance has not been reopened.
About ten
li
to the southwest of the royal city is Dīrghabhāvana Monastery,
in which there is a standing image of the Buddha, made of ramie and lacquer,
that came by itself to this place from the country of Kuci. A cabinet minister
of this country was once banished to live in Kuci and while he was in exile
he always worshiped this image. After he was recalled to his own country
he continued to recall and venerate the image from afar. One night the image
suddenly came to him. The man offered his residence for the construction
of this monastery.
Going westward from the royal city for more than three hundred
li,
I
reached the city of Bhagya. In this city is an image of the seated Buddha,
about seven feet in height, with consummate features, quiet and dignified,
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Fascicle XII
and with a precious crown on its head that occasionally emits a bright light.
I heard the local people say that this image was originally in the country of
Kaśmīra and had been transported to its present location. In the past a
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