The essence and content of the term philosophy

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1. Subject and object of the science of logic. Mantiq fanining predmeti fikrlash va argumentatsiya qilishning asosiy tamoyillarini o'rganishdir. U deduksiya, induksiya, sillogizm va noto‘g‘ri gaplar kabi mavzularni o‘z ichiga oladi va asosli fikrlashning tuzilishi va mohiyatini har tomonlama tushunishga intiladi. Tushunchalar va ularni boshqaradigan tafakkur qonuniyatlari orasidagi mantiqiy munosabatlarni tahlil qilish mantiq fanining ob'ektidir. Ushbu tahlil ko'pincha mantiqiy munosabatlar va dalillarni ifodalash uchun belgilar, diagrammalar va boshqa rasmiy usullardan foydalanishni o'z ichiga oladi va matematika, falsafa, tilshunoslik va informatika kabi keng sohalarda qo'llanilishi mumkin. Umuman olganda, mantiq fani argumentlarni tushunish va baholash, turli sohalarda aniq va qat'iy fikrlash usullarini ishlab chiqish uchun muhim vositadir. (The subject of the science of logic is the study of the fundamental principles of reasoning and argumentation. It encompasses topics such as deduction, induction, syllogisms, and fallacies, and seeks to develop a comprehensive understanding of the structure and nature of valid reasoning. The object of the science of logic is the analysis of the logical relationships between concepts and the laws of thought that govern them. This analysis often involves the use of symbols, diagrams, and other formal techniques to represent logical relationships and arguments, and can be applied to a wide range of fields, including mathematics, philosophy, linguistics, and computer science. Overall, the science of logic is an important tool for understanding and evaluating arguments, and for developing clear and rigorous methods of reasoning in various domains.)
2.What is ontology? Ontologiya borliq, borliq va voqelikni falsafiy tadqiq qiladi. U ob'ektlarning tabiati va mavjudligi bilan bog'liq bo'lgan savollar bilan shug'ullanadi, shu jumladan ularning atributlari, harakatlari, fazoviy va vaqtinchalik munosabatlari. Ontologiya borliqning asosiy toifalarini tushunishga va nima haqiqiy va nima emasligini aniqlashga intiladi. U Aristotel va Volf kabi faylasuflar tomonidan o'rganilgan, shuningdek, informatika va informatika kabi sohalarda ham o'rganilgan, u erda bilim sohalarining rasmiy tavsiflarini yaratish uchun foydalaniladi. Ontologiya haqidagi tasavvurlar xilma-xildir, chunki ba'zilar uni mavjudlik va mavjudlik bilan bir qatorda yo'qlikni ham o'rganish bilan bog'liq deb hisoblashadi.( Ontology is the philosophical study of being, existence, and reality. It deals with questions related to the nature and existence of objects, including their attributes, movements, and spatial and temporal relationships. Ontology seeks to understand the fundamental categories of existence and to determine what is real and what is not. It has been studied by philosophers such as Aristotle and Wolff, and has also been explored in fields such as computer science and information science, where it is used to create formal descriptions of knowledge domains. Perceptions of ontology vary, as some consider it to be concerned with the study of non-existence as well as existence and presence.)